密码编码学与网络安全：原理与实践

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"密码编码学与网络安全：原理与实践(第五版)（英文版）" 本书系统介绍了密码编码学与网络安全的基本原理和应用技术。以下是本书的知识点总结：对称密码 * 传统加密技术： Caesar Cipher、Vigenère Cipher、Hill Cipher 等 * 高级加密标准（AES）：结构、加密过程、安全性分析 * 分组密码模式：ECB、CBC、CFB、OFB 等非对称密码 * 数论基础：欧几里德算法、 Greatest Common Divisor、Modular Arithmetic 等 * 公钥加密：RSA、 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 等 * 数字签名： RSA、ECDSA 等加密哈希函数与消息认证 * 加密哈希函数：SHA-1、SHA-2、SHA-3 等 * 消息认证：MAC、HMAC 等 * 数字签名：RSA、ECDSA 等密钥管理与用户认证协议 * 密钥管理：密钥生成、分配、存储、撤销等 * 用户认证协议：Username/Password、Kerberos、SSL/TLS 等网络与Internet安全 * 传输层安全：SSL/TLS、DTLS 等 * 无线网络安全：WEP、WPA、WPA2 等 * 电子邮件安全：PGP、S/MIME 等 * IP安全：IPSec 等其他知识点 * 密码分析：Frequency Analysis、Differential Cryptanalysis 等 * 安全协议：HTTPS、SFTP、SSH 等 * 网络攻击：嗅探、 Replay Attack、Man-in-the-Middle Attack 等本书适合高校计算机专业、网络安全专业、通信安全专业等相关专业的本科生和研究生使用，也可供相关技术人员参考使用。配套网站包含大量的延伸性内容。本书涵盖了密码编码学与网络安全的基本原理和应用技术，为读者提供了一个系统的知识架构。

NOTATION

Symbol Expression Meaning

D, K D1K, Y2

Symmetric decryption of ciphertext using secret key KY

D, PR

D1PR

, Y2 Asymmetric decryption of ciphertext using A’s private key PR

D, PU

D1PU

, Y2 Asymmetric decryption of ciphertext using A’s public key PU

E, K E1K, X2

Symmetric encryption of plaintext using secret key KX

E, PR

E( , )XPR

Asymmetric encryption of plaintext using A’s private key PR

E, PU

E( , )XPU

Asymmetric encryption of plaintext using A’s public key PU

Secret key

Private key of user A

Public key of user A

MAC,

MAC(K, X)

Message authentication code of message using secret key

GF(p)

The finite field of order , where is prime. The field is defined as

the set together with the arithmetic operations modulo .pZ

GF(2

)

The finite field of order 2

Set of nonnegative integers less than n

gcd

gcd( )i, j

Greatest common divisor; the largest positive integer that divides

both and with no remainder on division.ji

mod mod ma Remainder after division of by ma

mod, K

(mod )ma K b mod mod mm = ba

mod, [

(mod )ma [ b mod mod mm Z ba

dlog

a, p

(b) Discrete logarithm of the number for the base (mod )pab

f(n)

The number of positive integers less than and relatively prime to .

This is Euler’s totient function.

i = 1

+ a

i = 1

* a

Even the natives have difficulty mastering this peculiar vocabulary.

—The Golden Bough, Sir James George Frazer

xiii

PREFACE

“The tie, if I might suggest it, sir, a shade more tightly knotted. One aims at the

perfect butterfly effect. If you will permit me —”

“What does it matter, Jeeves, at a time like this? Do you realize that

Mr. Little’s domestic happiness is hanging in the scale?”

“There is no time, sir, at which ties do not matter.”

—Very Good, Jeeves! P. G.Wodehouse

In this age of universal electronic connectivity, of viruses and hackers, of electronic eaves-

dropping and electronic fraud, there is indeed no time at which security does not matter.Two

trends have come together to make the topic of this book of vital interest. First, the explosive

growth in computer systems and their interconnections via networks has increased the

dependence of both organizations and individuals on the information stored and communi-

cated using these systems. This, in turn, has led to a heightened awareness of the need to

protect data and resources from disclosure, to guarantee the authenticity of data and

messages, and to protect systems from network-based attacks. Second, the disciplines of

cryptography and network security have matured, leading to the development of practical,

readily available applications to enforce network security.

OBJECTIVES

It is the purpose of this book to provide a practical survey of both the principles and practice

of cryptography and network security. In the first part of the book, the basic issues to be

addressed by a network security capability are explored by providing a tutorial and survey of

cryptography and network security technology. The latter part of the book deals with the

practice of network security: practical applications that have been implemented and are in

use to provide network security.

The subject, and therefore this book, draws on a variety of disciplines. In particular, it is

impossible to appreciate the significance of some of the techniques discussed in this book

without a basic understanding of number theory and some results from probability theory.

Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to make the book self-contained.The book presents

not only the basic mathematical results that are needed but provides the reader with an

intuitive understanding of those results. Such background material is introduced as needed.

This approach helps to motivate the material that is introduced, and the author considers

this preferable to simply presenting all of the mathematical material in a lump at the begin-

ning of the book.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

The book is intended for both academic and a professional audiences. As a textbook, it is

intended as a one-semester undergraduate course in cryptography and network security for

computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering majors. It covers the

xvi PREFACE

material in IAS2 Security Mechanisms, a core area in the Information Technology body of

knowledge; NET4 Security, another core area in the Information Technology body of knowl-

edge; and IT311, Cryptography, an advanced course; these subject areas are part of the

ACM/IEEE Computer Society Computing Curricula 2005.

The book also serves as a basic reference volume and is suitable for self-study.

PLAN OF THE BOOK

The book is divided into seven parts (see Chapter 0 for an overview):

• Symmetric Ciphers

• Asymmetric Ciphers

• Cryptographic Data Integrity Algorithms

• Mutual Trust

• Network and Internet Security

• System Security

• Legal and Ethical Issues

The book includes a number of pedagogic features, including the use of the computer

algebra system Sage and numerous figures and tables to clarify the discussions. Each chapter

includes a list of key words, review questions, homework problems, suggestions for further

reading, and recommended Web sites. The book also includes an extensive glossary, a list

of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography. In addition, a test bank is available to

instructors.

ONLINE DOCUMENTS FOR STUDENTS

For this new edition, a tremendous amount of original supporting material has been made

available online, in the following categories.

• Online chapters: To limit the size and cost of the book, four chapters of the book

are provided in PDF format. This includes three chapters on computer security and

one on legal and ethical issues. The chapters are listed in this book’s table of

contents.

• Online appendices: There are numerous interesting topics that support material

found in the text but whose inclusion is not warranted in the printed text. A total of

fifteen online appendices cover these topics for the interested student. The appen-

dices are listed in this book’s table of contents.

• Homework problems and solutions: To aid the student in understanding the material,

a separate set of homework problems with solutions are available. These enable the

students to test their understanding of the text.

• Key papers: Twenty-four papers from the professional literature, many hard to find,

are provided for further reading.

• Supporting documents: A variety of other useful documents are referenced in the text

and provided online.

• Sage code: The Sage code from the examples in Appendix B in case the student wants

to play around with the examples.

PREFACE xvii

Purchasing this textbook now grants the reader six months of access to this online

material. See the access card bound into the front of this book for details.

INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS

To support instructors, the following materials are provided:

• Solutions Manual: Solutions to end-of-chapter Review Questions and Problems.

• Projects Manual: Suggested project assignments for all of the project categories listed

below.

• PowerPoint Slides: A set of slides covering all chapters, suitable for use in lecturing.

• PDF Files: Reproductions of all figures and tables from the book.

• Test Bank: A chapter-by-chapter set of questions.

All of these support materials are available at the Instructor Resource Center

(IRC) for this textbook, which can be reached via personhighered.com/stallings or by

clicking on the button labeled “Book Info and More Instructor Resources” at this book’s

Web Site WilliamStallings.com/Crypto/Crypto5e.html. To gain access to the IRC,

please contact your local Prentice Hall sales representative via pearsonhighered.com/

educator/replocator/requestSalesRep.page or call Prentice Hall Faculty Services at

1-800-526-0485.

INTERNET SERVICES FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS

There is a Web site for this book that provides support for students and instructors. The site

includes links to other relevant sites, transparency masters of figures and tables in the book

in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format, and PowerPoint slides. The Web page is at

WilliamStallings.com/Crypto/Crypto5e.html. For more information, see Chapter 0.

New to this edition is a set of homework problems with solutions available at this Web

site. Students can enhance their understanding of the material by working out the solutions

to these problems and then checking their answers.

An Internet mailing list has been set up so that instructors using this book can

exchange information, suggestions, and questions with each other and with the author. As

soon as typos or other errors are discovered, an errata list for this book will be available at

WilliamStallings.com. In addition, the Computer Science Student Resource site at

WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html provides documents, information, and useful

links for computer science students and professionals.

PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDENT EXERCISES

For many instructors, an important component of a cryptography or security course is a pro-

ject or set of projects by which the student gets hands-on experience to reinforce concepts

from the text. This book provides an unparalleled degree of support, including a projects

component in the course. The IRC not only includes guidance on how to assign and structure

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