Python 3精华速查：2.7/3.5/3.6指南

Python

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to our thorough and conscientious reviewers and editor! All errors that

remain are entirely our own.

Many thanks to our editor, Dawn Schanafelt, for gently guiding, nudging, and push‐

ing us along to get this done! Also, thanks to Kim Cofer, our excellent copyeditor,

whose eye for detail caught not just grammatical issues, but also some technical

errors.

Thanks to our hard-working tech reviewers: Brett Cannon, Luciano Ramalho, and

Victoria Wong, who read through every explanation and example in the book’s

draft. Without them, this book would not have been nearly as clear or accurate.

Thanks as well to our several unofficial reviewers: Tim Golden, for his invaluable

help with Python for Windows coverage; Nick Coghlan and Donald Stufft, for their

help untangling the intricacies of Python packaging; Łukasz Langa, for his copious

feedback on asynchronous programming; Peter Norvig, for his precious, detailed

feedback and advice about the entire book; Daniel Pyrathon, for his review of the

chapter on HTTP serving frameworks; and George Gillan, for reporting many typos

and unclear explanations in Early Release editions of this book.

And finally, thanks to Google for its useful Hangouts app and other G Suite online

collaboration tools, without which our intense communication and coordination

among authors in different continents would have been far less easy and efficient.

xiv | Preface

opment and maintenance, particularly in large projects, where many developers

cooperate and often maintain code originally written by others.

Python is simple, but not simplistic. It adheres to the idea that, if a language behaves

a certain way in some contexts, it should ideally work similarly in all contexts.

Python also follows the principle that a language should not have “convenient”

shortcuts, special cases, ad hoc exceptions, overly subtle distinctions, or mysterious

and tricky under-the-covers optimizations. A good language, like any other well-

designed artifact, must balance such general principles with taste, common sense,

and a high degree of practicality.

Python is a general-purpose programming language: Python’s traits are useful in

just about any area of software development. There is no area where Python cannot

be part of a great solution. “Part” is an important word here; while many developers

find that Python fills all of their needs, it does not have to stand alone: Python pro‐

grams can cooperate with a variety of other software components, making it an

ideal language for gluing together components written in other languages. One of

the language’s design goals was that it should “play well with others.”

Python is a very high-level language (VHLL). This means that Python uses a higher

level of abstraction, conceptually further from the underlying machine, than do

classic compiled languages such as C, C++, and Fortran, which are traditionally

called “high-level languages.” Python is simpler, faster to process (both for human

brains and for programmatic tools), and more regular than classic high-level lan‐

guages. This enables high programmer productivity and makes Python an attractive

development tool. Good compilers for classic compiled languages can generate

binary machine code that runs faster than Python code. However, in most cases, the

performance of Python-coded applications is sufficient. When it isn’t, apply the

optimization techniques covered in “Optimization” on page 477 to improve your

program’s performance while keeping the benefit of high productivity.

Somewhat newer languages such as Java and C# are slightly higher-level than classic

ones such as C and Fortran, and share some characteristics of classic languages

(such as the need to use declarations) as well as some of VHLLs like Python (such as

the use of portable bytecode as the compilation target in typical implementations,

and garbage collection to relieve programmers from the need to manage memory).

If you find you are more productive with Java or C# than with C or Fortran, try

Python (possibly in the Jython or IronPython implementations, covered in “Python

Implementations” on page 5) to become even more productive.

In terms of language level, Python is comparable to other powerful VHLLs like

JavaScript, Ruby, and Perl. The advantages of simplicity and regularity, however,

remain on Python’s side.

Python is an object-oriented programming language, but lets you develop code

using both object-oriented and procedural styles, and a touch of functional pro‐

gramming, too, mixing and matching as your application requires. Python’s object-

oriented features are conceptually similar to those of C++, but simpler to use.

4 | Chapter 1: Introduction to Python

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Python 3精华速查：2.7/3.5/3.6指南

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