PHP应用性能优化实战：提升与缓存策略

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《Pro PHP 应用性能调优：最大化PHP Web项目的性能》是一本深入讲解PHP应用程序性能优化的专业指南。作者Armando Padilla和Tim Hawkins在书中分享了最佳实践和重构技术，帮助开发者提升PHP应用的效率。本书关注的关键领域包括： 1. **基准测试 (Benchmarking)**：性能优化的第一步是了解当前应用的性能瓶颈。通过基准测试工具，开发者可以识别出程序运行中的慢速点，以便针对性地进行改进。 2. **提升客户端下载效率**：优化代码结构和资源管理，减少HTTP请求次数，例如合并CSS和JavaScript文件，压缩文件大小，以及优化图片尺寸，都可以显著提高用户体验。 3. **PHP代码优化**：包括但不限于减少冗余代码、避免全局变量滥用、使用更高效的数据结构和算法、以及及时清理不再使用的资源。此外，遵循PECL（PHP扩展仓库）中的高效库和函数也是提升代码性能的重要环节。 4. **opcode缓存 (OpCache/HHVM)**：启用并调整Opcode缓存机制，如PHP的内置OpCache或HHVM，可以大大提高代码执行速度，因为它们预先编译和存储了PHP代码的中间代码。 5. **变量缓存 (Caching)**：使用如APC、Memcached或Redis等缓存系统，将计算密集型数据或查询结果存储起来，减少对数据库的频繁访问，从而加快响应时间。 6. **代码重构与设计模式**：通过重构旧代码来消除不必要的复杂性，同时采用如单例模式、工厂模式或策略模式等设计模式，可以改善代码的可维护性和性能。 7. **性能监控和日志分析**：定期检查服务器资源使用情况，如CPU、内存、磁盘I/O，通过分析日志追踪性能问题的根源，持续优化。这本书不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了实用的案例研究和示例，使读者能够实际操作，提升自己PHP项目的性能。在追求极致性能的过程中，它强调了性能优化的持续性和迭代性，帮助开发者在快速发展的技术环境中保持竞争力。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

Acknowledgments

It’s without saying that I want to thank the Apress staff, Jennifer Blackwell as well as Michelle Lowman,

for giving me the opportunity to write this book. I also want to thank the countless developers and

system admins who assisted in answering my many, many late-night questions about the subject matter.

Thank you.

—Armando Padilla

I would like to acknowledge Rasmus Lerdorf, who started this whole PHP thing, and who taught me

some neat tricks with APC, as well as my ex-colleagues at Yahoo Europe, who taught me to think big.

—Tim Hawkins

Introduction

If you’re like me, you’re picking up this book at your local bookstore or reading this introduction online,

trying to get a “feel” for the book. You’re either a PHP engineer curious to dive headfirst into the nuances

of building a large application, or someone who has just been tasked to support a high-traffic PHP

application. This book is for you, the PHP developer who has a good understanding of PHP and is not a

newcomer to the language—the PHP developer who wants to understand the “whys” and the tool sets to

trace and “look under the hood” of your PHP script.

The goal of the book is to give you the complete picture of all the components that need to be

identified when optimizing your PHP application. From the JavaScript to the web server software the

application is running, this book covers each of these topics.

The book is separated into two general sections, the front end and back end of a web application.

The first part of the book covers the front end, helping you identify bottlenecks the browser encounters

during rendering and how to remove these bottlenecks. This initial section also covers the use of PHP

best coding practices and how to apply caching using the many tools available. The second part of the

book covers the back end, teaching you about the many types of web server software, how to optimize

the software, and tips on optimizing your database.

Overview

The following is a detailed chapter breakdown.

Chapter 1 – Benchmarking Techniques

We begin by establishing the tools that are required to measure our application’s performance. The tools

you will learn to install, read results, and apply are Apache Benchmark (ab) as well as Siege, two of the

most popular benchmarking tools in the industry. You will learn how to run simulated load tests using

concurrency as well as simulated loads for a specific length of time.

Chapter 2 – Improving Client Download and Rendering

Performance

Application performance is not only about your PHP code. In this chapter, we focus on how browsers

render content. You will learn the tools available to benchmark JavaScript, measure the amount of data

the browser is attempting to load, as well as view how efficiently the browser is loading the content. You

will learn to do this by using and installing Firebug, Page Speed, and Yahoo!’s YSlow. Using these tools,

we optimize a simple web page by identifying performance improvements for JavaScript, Image. You are

not required to be an expert at JavaScript while reading this chapter.

■ INTRODUCTION

xvi

Chapter 3 – PHP Code Optimization

We begin to jump into the PHP code within this chapter. You will learn about PHP best coding practices

when it comes to performance. You will learn about constructing a faster-running for loop, how to

include files using the optimal PHP function, and, most importantly, how to use and install VLD, strace,

and Xdebug. Once VLD and strace are installed, you will analyze Opcode, as well as the Apache C-level

processes that your PHP script requires to run. Using Xdebug on the other, we will identify bottlenecks

within the PHP code itself.

Chapter 4 – Opcode Caching

Knowing the PHP life cycle is important to optimizing, so you will learn about the life cycle within this

chapter. You will learn the steps PHP takes during a user request and identify areas where we can

optimize using Opcode cachers. You will learn how to install and configure Opcode cachers such as APC,

XCache, and eAccelerator, all the while benchmarking our before and after scripts to see the gains from

caching our Opcode.

Chapter 5 – Variable Caching

Building on the information about aching covered in Chapter 4, you will be introduced to variable

caching tools, such as Memcached, as well as using APC to store information. You will learn to install,

configure, and implement a simple example to get you familiar with the software, as well as a real-world

example using a database result set.

Chapter 6 - Choosing the Right Web Server.

Until recently there was only one game in town, anybody considering a large-scale deployment would

use the defacto standard, Apache. Recently however some new and exciting alternatives have come to

the fore. In this chapter we will look at Apache in detail, and stack it up against newcomers Lighttpd and

Nginx.

Chapter 7 - Apache Web Server Optimization

Out of the box Apache is a very capable web server package, but with a little tuning and some tricks of

the trade we can increase its performance and durability and really make it sing. In this chapter we will

also look at some of the secrets of scaling out to support higher traffic and user loads.

Chapter 8 - Database Optimization.

In most web applications, the database server plays a major role. In this chapter we will look at

optimizing the mysql database server, providing methods and tools that will allow you to keep your

system in tip top shape.

C H A P T E R 1

■ ■ ■

Benchmarking Techniques

The phone rings and a voice on the other end yells, “Hey! Why can’t this application

support 200 concurrent users?” You take a deep breath, and in your most senior PHP tone

you mutter, “Odd, I’ll take a look at what’s happening and provide a solution.” Flash back

to a few weeks prior to this conversation. You were tasked to build a database-driven PHP

application, and by all accounts the requirements outlined a simple PHP application. As a

seasoned PHP developer, you began to write code, creating the basic architectural layers,

the PHP back end, the CSS, the JavaScript, and because you’re well-versed in Photoshop,

you also created the graphical layout, and released the application to production.

As your application became popular and more users visited your web site, an

increased number of complaints arrived. All the messages shared a similar issue—the site

is either unresponsive or too slow. Now, you look at your code and wonder how you can

squeeze the last ounce of bottlenecks and slow code out of it, and whether the code is

even the culprit. You finally arrive at the question, how well is the web application

performing when 50, 100, 200, or 300 concurrent users request a web document you host?

And, how can you even test your application under such traffic load?

In this chapter, we’ll review in depth two benchmarking open source tools that will

not only help answer those questions but will also help measure the change in

performance while applying performance enhancements to an application throughout

the book. The tools we’ll use are Apache Benchmark (ab) and Siege.

You will learn how to install both tools, learn how to read their results, and use the

tools to request different types of content, from simple HTML to large images. Finally,

you will also come away with a foundation on how the HTTP request/response lifecycle is

processed and what a request does behind the scenes, and learn the primary areas of

concern that cause latency (a.k.a lag) during a request for hosted resources.

But first, let’s explore the PHP application stack and the approach I will take

throughout the book.

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