"Balanis高等电磁理论：工程电磁学的进阶指南"

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Balanis ftoc.tex V1 - 11/24/2011 1:25 P.M. Page xiv

xiv CONTENTS

11.9 Multimedia 665

References 666

Problems 668

12 Integral Equations and the Moment Method 679

12.1 Introduction 679

12.2 Integral Equation Method 679

12.2.1 Electrostatic Charge Distribution 680

A. Finite Straight Wire 680

B. Bent Wire 684

12.2.2 Integral Equation 686

12.2.3 Radiation Pattern 688

12.2.4 Point-Matching (Collocation) Method 689

12.2.5 Basis Functions 691

A. Subdomain Functions 691

B. Entire-Domain Functions 693

12.2.6 Application of Point Matching 695

12.2.7 Weighting (Testing) Functions 697

12.2.8 Moment Method 697

12.3 Electric and Magnetic Field Integral Equations 703

12.3.1 Electric Field Integral Equation 704

A. Two-Dimensional EFIE: TM

Polarization 705

B. Two-Dimensional EFIE: TE

Polarization 709

12.3.2 Magnetic Field Integral Equation 713

A. Two-Dimensional MFIE: TM

Polarization 715

B. Two-Dimensional MFIE: TE

Polarization 717

C. Solution of the Two-Dimensional MFIE TE

Polarization 719

12.4 Finite Diameter Wires 723

12.4.1 Pocklington’s Integral Equation 724

12.4.2 Hall´en’s Integral Equation 727

12.4.3 Source Modeling 729

A. Delta Gap 729

B. Magnetic Frill Generator 729

12.5 Computer Codes 732

12.5.1 Two-Dimensional Radiation and Scattering 732

A. Strip 733

B. Circular, Elliptical, or Rectangular Cylinder 733

12.5.2 Pocklington’s Wire Radiation and Scattering 734

A. Radiation 734

B. Scattering 734

12.5.3 Numerical Electromagnetics Code 734

12.6 Multimedia 735

References 735

Problems 737

13 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 741

13.1 Introduction 741

13.2 Geometrical Optics 742

13.2.1 Amplitude Relation 745

Preface

Because of the immense interest in and success of the ﬁrst edition, the second edition of Advanced

Engineering Electromagnetics has maintained all the attractive features of the ﬁrst edition. This

edition contains many new features and additions, in particular:

• A new chapter, Chapter 14, on diffraction by a wedge with impedance surfaces

• A section on double negative (DNG) metamaterials (Section 5.7)

• A section on artiﬁcial impedance surfaces (AIS, EBG, PBG, HIS, AMC, PMC) (Section 8.8)

• Additional smaller inserts throughout the book

• New ﬁgures, photos, and tables

• Additional examples and numerous end-of-chapter problems

Purchase of this book also provides you with access to a password-protected website that contains

supplemental multimedia resources. Open the sealed envelope attached to the book, go to the

URL below and, when prompted, enter the unique code printed on the registration card:

[http://placeholder.for.actual.url.tk.com]

Multimedia material include:

• PowerPoint view graphs in multicolor, over 4,200, of lecture notes for each of the ﬁfteen

chapters

• Forty-eight MATLAB



computer programs (most of them new; the four Fortran programs

from the ﬁrst edition were translated to MATLAB



)

Given the space limitations, the added material supplements, expands, and reinforces the ana-

lytical methods that were, and continue to be, the main focus of this book. The analytical methods

are the foundation of electromagnetics and provide understanding and physical interpretation of

electromagnetic phenomena and interactions. Although numerical and computational methods

have, especially in the last four decades, played a key role in the solution of complex elec-

tromagnetic problems, they are highly dependent on fundamental principles. Not understanding

the basic fundamentals of electromagnetics, represented by analytical methods, may lead to the

lack of physical realization, interpretation and veriﬁcation of simulated results. In fact, there are

a plethora of personal and commercial codes that are now available, and they are expanding

very rapidly. Users are now highly dependent on these codes, and we seem to lose focus on the

interpretation and physical realization of the simulated results because, possibly, of the lack of

understanding of fundamental principles. There are numerous books that address numerical and

computational methods, and this author did not want to repeat what is already available in the lit-

erature, especially with space limitations. Only the moment method (MM), in support of Integral

xvii

xviii PREFACE

Equations (IEs), and Diffraction Theory (GTD/UTD) are included in this book. However, to aid in

the computation, simulation and animation of results based on analytical formulations included

in this book, even provide some of the data in graphical form, forty-eight basic MATLAB



computer programs have been developed and are included in the website that is part of this book.

The ﬁrst edition was based on material taught on a yearly basis and notes developed over nearly

20 years. This second edition, based on an additional 20 years of teaching and development of

notes and multimedia (for a total of over 40 years of teaching), reﬁned any shortcomings of

the ﬁrst edition and added: a new chapter, two new complete sections, numerous smaller inserts,

examples, numerous end-of-chapter problems, and Multimedia (including PPT notes, MATLAB



computer programs for computations, simulations, visualization, and animation). The four Fortran

programs from the ﬁrst edition were translated in MATLAB



, and numerous additional ones

were developed only in MATLAB



. These are spread throughout Chapters 4 through 14. The

revision of the book also took into account suggestions of nearly 20 reviewers selected by

the publisher, some of whom are identiﬁed and acknowledged based on their approval. The

multicolor PowerPoint (PPT) notes, over 4,200 viewgraphs, can be used as ready-made lectures

so that instructors will not have to labor at developing their own notes. Instructors also have the

option to add PPT viewgraphs of their own or delete any that do not ﬁt their class objectives.

The book can be used for at least a two-semester sequence in Electromagnetics, beyond an

introduction to basic undergraduate EM. Although the ﬁrst part of the book in intended for senior

undergraduates and beginning graduates in electrical engineering and physics, the later chapters

are targeted for advanced graduate students and practicing engineers and scientists. The majority

of Chapters 1 through 10 can be covered in the ﬁrst semester, and most of Chapter 11 through 15

can be covered in the second semester. To cover all of the material in the proposed time frame

would be, in many instances, an ambitious task. However, sufﬁcient topics have been included

to make the text complete and to allow instructors the ﬂexibility to emphasize, de-emphasize, or

omit sections and/or chapters. Some chapters can be omitted without loss of continuity.

The discussion presumes that the student has general knowledge of vector analysis, differential

and integral calculus, and electromagnetics either from at least an introductory undergraduate

electrical engineering or physics course. Mathematical techniques required for understanding

some advanced topics, mostly in the later chapters, are incorporated in the individual chapters or

are included as appendixes.

Like the ﬁrst edition, this second edition is a thorough and detailed student-oriented book. The

analytical detail, rigor, and thoroughness allow many of the topics to be traced to their origin,

and they are presented in sufﬁcient detail so that the students, and even the instructors, will

follow the analytical developments. In addition to the coverage of traditional classical topics,

the book includes state of the art advanced topics on DNG Metamaterials, Artiﬁcial Impedance

Surfaces (AIS, EBG, PBG, HIS, AMC, PMC), Integral Equations (IE), Moment Method (MM),

Geometrical and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (GTD/UTD) for PEC and impedance surfaces,

and Green’s functions. Electromagnetic theorems, as applied to the solution of boundary-value

problems, are also included and discussed.

The material is presented in a methodical, sequential, and uniﬁed manner, and each chapter is

subdivided into sections or subsections whose individual headings clearly identify the topics dis-

cussed, examined, or illustrated. The examples and end-of-chapter problems have been designed

to illustrate basic principles and to challenge the knowledge of the student. An exhaustive list of

references is included at the end of each chapter to allow the interested reader to trace each topic.

A number of appendixes of mathematical identities and special functions, some represented also

in tabular and graphical forms, are included to aid the student in the solution of the examples

and assigned end-of-chapter problems. A solutions manual for all end-of-chapter problems is

available exclusively to instructors.

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