脑机接口入门：探索未来通信技术

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"《脑机接口前沿集合》是一本面向非专家读者的书籍，由来自不同背景的作者共同编写，涵盖了心理学、神经科学、电子工程、信号处理、软件开发和医学等多个领域的专家。这本书旨在为那些没有脑机接口（BCI）研究背景的教育程度较高的读者提供一个简单明了的领域概述。书中各章节描述了不同的系统以及共通的原则和问题，还介绍了一些新兴的思想、研究和跨学科的分析。全书分为多个章节，详细讨论了非侵入式和侵入式BCI系统，包括对锁闭综合症患者的BCI应用，并对未来BCI的发展进行了展望。此外，标签提到了‘事件相关电位’，这是BCI研究中的一个重要概念，通常用于识别大脑活动的特定模式。" 在BCI的研究中，这是一个令人兴奋的时代。从实验室设备发展到为部分严重残疾者提供实际通信解决方案，BCI已经取得了显著的进步。尽管如此，该领域仍处于起步阶段，面临许多基础挑战。例如，我们仍然无法测量或理解大部分大脑活动，这限制了BCI的速度、可用性和可靠性。为了克服这些限制，不同学科和部门之间的交流与合作至关重要。这本书的第一章为BCI提供了特别简单的入门介绍，接下来的章节深入探讨了BCI的基础。第四章至第八章详细介绍了四个被引用最多的非侵入式BCI系统，这些系统包括基于头皮脑电图（EEG）的技术，如事件相关电位（ERP），这是一种通过检测大脑对特定刺激的响应来识别大脑活动的方法。第九章和第十章关注神经康复应用，第十一章则专注于为锁闭综合症患者设计的BCI，并包括了一位患者的独特访谈。侵入式BCI在第十二章至第十四章中被讨论，这些技术通常涉及植入设备，可以更直接地监测大脑内部的活动，但风险和复杂性也更高。第十五章和第十六章介绍了BCI 2000，这是一个免费的BCI框架，以及早期的商业化BCI系统，这些系统对于推动BCI技术的实际应用起到了关键作用。第十七章和第十八章关注信号处理，这是理解和解析大脑信号的关键步骤。最后，第二十章展望了BCI的未来，涵盖了可能的发展方向和技术进步，鼓励读者思考这个领域的潜力和挑战。整个系列书籍反映了现代科学中对基础和跨学科方法的需求，同时也鼓励科学家们超越自身专业领域，思考更广泛的重要和可能有争议的问题。

2 B. Graimann et al.

research over the last decades has led to a much better understanding of the brain.

Signal processing algorithms and computing power have advanced so rapidly that

complex real-time processing of brain signals does not require expensive or bulky

equipment anymore.

The ﬁrst BCI was described by Dr. Grey Walter in 1964. Ironically, this was

shortly before the ﬁrst Star Trek episode aired. Dr. Walter connected electrodes

directly to the motor areas of a patient’s brain. (The patient was undergoing surgery

for other reasons.) The patient was asked to press a button to advance a slide projec-

tor while Dr. Walter recorded the relevant brain activity. Then, Dr. Walter connected

the system to the slide projector so that the slide projector advanced whenever the

patient’s brain activity indicated that he wanted to press the button. Interestingly,

Dr. Walter found that he had to introduce a delay from the detection of the brain

activity until the slide projector advanced because the slide projector would oth-

erwise advance before the patient pressed the button! Control before the actual

movement happens, that is, control without movement – the ﬁrst BCI!

Unfortunately, Dr. Walter did not publish this major breakthrough. He only pre-

sented a talk about it to a group called the Ostler Society in London [1]. There

was little progress in BCI research for most of the time since then. BCI research

advanced slowly for many more years. By the turn of the century, there were only

one or two dozen labs doing serious BCI research. However, BCI research devel-

oped quickly after that, particularly during the last few years. Every year, there are

more BCI-related papers, conference talks, products, and media articles. There are

at least 100 BCI research groups active today, and this number is growing.

More importantly, BCI research has succeeded in its initial goal: proving that

BCIs can work with patients who need a BCI to communicate. Indeed, BCI

researchers have used many different kinds of BCIs with several different patients.

Furthermore, BCIs are moving beyond communication tools for people who cannot

otherwise communicate. BCIs are gaining attention for healthy users and new goals

such as rehabilitation or hands-free gaming. BCIs are not science ﬁction anymore.

On the other hand, BCIs are far from mainstream tools. Most people today still

do not know that BCIs are even possible. There are still many practical challenges

before a typical person can use a BCI without expert help. There is a long way t o go

from providing communication for some speciﬁc patients, with considerable expert

help, to providing a range of functions for any user without help.

The goal of this chapter is to provide a gentle and clear introduction of BCIs. It

is meant for newcomers of this exciting ﬁeld of research, and it is also meant as a

preparation for the remaining chapters of this book. Readers will ﬁnd answers to the

following questions: What are BCIs? How do they work? What are their limitations?

What are typical applications, and who can beneﬁt from this new technology?

1WhatisaBCI?

Any natural form of communication or control requires peripheral nerves and mus-

cles. The process begins with the user’s intent. This intent triggers a complex

process in which certain brain areas are activated, and hence signals are sent via

Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Gentle Introduction 3

the peripheral nervous system (speciﬁcally, the motor pathways) to the correspond-

ing muscles, which in turn perform the movement necessary for the communication

or control task. The activity resulting from this process is often called motor out-

put or efferent output. Efferent means conveying impulses from the central to the

peripheral nervous system and further to an effector (muscle). Afferent, in con-

trast, describes communication in the other direction, from the sensory receptors

to the central nervous system. For motion control, the motor (efferent) pathway

is essential. The sensory (afferent) pathway is particularly important for learning

motor skills and dexterous tasks, such as typing or playing a musical instrument.

A BCI offers an alternative to natural communication and control. A BCI is an

artiﬁcial system that bypasses the body’s normal efferent pathways, which are the

neuromuscular output channels [2]. Figure 1 illustrates this functionality.

Instead of depending on peripheral nerves and muscles, a BCI directly mea-

sures brain activity associated with the user’s intent and translates the recorded

brain activity into corresponding control signals for BCI applications. This trans-

lation involves signal processing and pattern recognition, which is typically done

by a computer. Since the measured activity originates directly from the brain and

not from the peripheral systems or muscles, the system is called a Brain–Computer

Interface.

A BCI must have four components. It must record activity directly from the brain

(invasively or non-invasively). It must provide feedback to the user, and must do so

in realtime. Finally, the system must rely on intentional control. That is, the user

must choose to perform a mental task whenever s/he wants to accomplish a goal

with the BCI. Devices that only passively detect changes in brain activity that occur

without any intent, such as EEG activity associated with workload, arousal, or sleep,

are not BCIs.

Although most researchers accept the term “BCI” and its deﬁnition, other terms

has been used to describe this special form of human–machine interface. Here are

some deﬁnitions of BCIs found in BCI literature:

Wolpaw et al.: “A direct brain-computer interface is a device that provides the

brain with a new, non-muscular communication and control channel”. [2].

Fig. 1 A BCI bypasses the

normal neuromuscular output

channels

Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Gentle Introduction 5

They are, as already described in the deﬁnitions above, direct artiﬁcial output chan-

nels from the brain. Unlike other human–computer interfaces, which require muscle

activity, BCIs provide “non-muscular” communication. One of the most important

reasons that this is signiﬁcant is that current BCI systems aim to provide assis-

tive devices for people with severe disabilities that can render people unable to

perform physical movements. Radiation accidents like the one in the Star Trek

episode described above are unlikely today, but some diseases can actually lead

to the locked-in syndrome.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an example of such a disease. The exact

cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no cure. ALS starts with muscle weakness

and atrophy. Usually, all voluntary movement, such as walking, speaking, swallow-

ing, and breathing, deteriorates over several years, and eventually is lost completely.

The disease, however, does not affect cognitive functions or sensations. People can

still see, hear, and understand what is happening around them, but cannot control

their muscles. This is because ALS only affects special neurons, the large alpha

motor neurons, which are an integral part of the motor pathways. Death is usually

caused by failure of the respiratory muscles.

Life-sustaining measures such as artiﬁcial respiration and artiﬁcial nutrition can

considerably prolong the life expectancy. However, this leads to life in the locked-

in state. Once the motor pathway is lost, any natural way of communication with

the environment is lost as well. BCIs offer the only option for communication in

such cases. More details about ALS and BCIs can be found in the chapters “Brain–

Computer Interface in Neurorehabilitation” and “Brain–Computer Interfaces for

Communication and Control in Locked-in Patients” of this book.

So, a BCI is an artiﬁcial output channel, a direct interface from the brain to a

computer or machine, which can accept voluntary commands directly from the brain

without requiring physical movements. A technology that can listen to brain activ-

ity that can recognize and interpret the intent of the user? Doesn’t this sound like

a mind reading machine? This misconception is quite common among BCI new-

comers, and is presumably also stirred up by science ﬁction and poorly researched

articles in popular media. In the following section, we explain the basic principles

of BCI operation. It should become apparent that BCIs are not able to read the

mind.

2 How Do BCIs Work?

BCIs measure brain activity, process it, and produce control signals that reﬂect the

user’s intent. To understand BCI operation better, one has to understand how brain

activity can be measured and which brain signals can be utilized. In this chapter, we

focus on the most important recording methods and brain signals. Chapter “Brain

Signals for Brain–Computer Interfaces” of this book gives a much more detailed

representation of these two topics.

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