iOS开发入门：ViewController与用户体验

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"此资源主要涵盖了iPhone开发的基础内容，包括Objective-C编程语言以及ViewController的编程指南，专注于用户体验和视图管理。这份文档由Apple Inc.于2011年发布，适用于个人学习和参考，但禁止未经授权的复制或传播。" 在iPhone应用开发中，Objective-C是一种关键的编程语言，它是苹果的Cocoa Touch框架的基础。Objective-C是在C语言基础上扩展的，增加了面向对象编程的特性，如类、消息传递和协议。开发者可以利用Objective-C来构建强大的、用户友好的iOS应用程序。 ViewController是iOS应用中的核心组件，它负责管理屏幕上的内容和用户交互。`UIViewController`是所有控制器类的基类，提供了一套基本功能，例如管理视图的生命周期、处理用户输入和协调视图之间的导航。在`ViewControllerProgrammingGuideforiOS`中，可能会详细讲解如何创建和配置UIViewController的子类，如何加载视图，以及如何响应用户事件。用户体验（User Experience，UX）和窗口及视图（Windows & Views）是iOS开发中的重要概念。在iOS中，视图是UI的基本构建块，用于显示数据和接收用户输入。窗口（Window）则负责管理这些视图，并将它们呈现在屏幕上。理解如何有效地布局视图、创建动态和响应式的用户界面，以及如何利用Auto Layout和Size Classes进行适配，对于创建优秀的iPhone应用至关重要。文档中提到的Cocoa Touch是iOS开发的主要框架，它提供了许多用于创建用户界面和实现应用逻辑的类和工具。例如，UIKit框架是Cocoa Touch的一部分，包含了UIViewController、UIView、UILabel、UIButton等常见UI元素的类。开发者需要熟悉这些类，以便构建出符合iOS设计规范的应用。此外，文档还提到了iPhone、iPod touch和iPad等设备，说明内容可能涵盖针对不同设备的适配策略。开发者需要了解不同设备的屏幕尺寸、分辨率和硬件特性，以确保应用能在各种设备上良好运行。最后，文档警告开发者，虽然提供了技术信息，但并不自动授予任何技术的使用许可，所有知识产权归Apple Inc.所有。这强调了尊重和遵循苹果的开发政策和条款的重要性。这份“iPhone开发基础”资源将引导初学者深入了解Objective-C编程语言，掌握UIViewController的使用，提升用户界面的设计和实现，以及理解在iOS平台上进行应用开发的基本规则和限制。通过深入学习这份文档，开发者能够具备开发高质量iPhone应用的基本技能。

Figure 1-1 Distinct screens managed by separate view controllers

List controller Detail controller Photo controller

In addition to displaying and managing views, you can also use view controllers to manage the navigation

from screen to screen. In iOS, there are several standard techniques for presenting new screens. All of these

techniques are implemented using view controllers and are discussed at different points throughout this

document.

Types of View Controllers

Most iOS applications have at least one view controller and some have several. Broadly speaking, view

controllers are divided into three general categories that reflect the role the view controller plays in your

application.

A custom view controller is a controller object that you define for the express purpose of presenting some

content on the screen. Most iOS applications present data using several distinct sets of views, each of which

handles the presentation of your data in a specific way. For example, you might have a set of views that

presents a list of items in a table and another set that displays the details for a single item in that list. The

corresponding architecture for such an application would involve the creation of separate view controllers

to manage the marshaling and display of each set of views.

A container view controller is a specific type of view controller object that manages other view controllers

and defines the navigational relationships among them. Navigation, tab bar, and split view controllers are

all examples of container view controllers. You do not define container view controllers yourself. Instead,

you use the container view controllers provided by the system as is.

Types of View Controllers

CHAPTER 1

View Controller Basics

Note: A popover controller is not an actual view controller but does behave similarly to a container view

controller. Its job is to present the contents of a view controller that you provide in a popover view.

A modal view controller is a view controller (container or custom) that is presented in a specific way by

another view controller. Modal view controllers define a specific navigational relationship in your application.

The most common reason to present a view controller modally is so that you can prompt the user to input

some data. For example, you might present a view controller modally to have the user fill in a form or select

an option from a picker interface. However, there are other uses for modal view controllers that are described

in more detail in “Modal View Controllers” (page 109).

Figure 1-2 shows the view controller classes available in the UIKit framework along with some of the key

classes used in conjunction with view controllers. These additional classes are often used internally by view

controller objects to implement special types of interfaces. For example, the UITabBarController object

manages a UITabBar object, which actually displays the tabs associated with the tab bar interface. Other

frameworks may also define additional view controller objects in order to present specific types of interfaces.

Figure 1-2 View controller classes in UIKit

UIViewController

UINavigationItem

UIPopoverController

UIView

NSObject

UINavigationController

UIImagePickerController

UITableViewController

UISplitViewController

UITabBarController

UINavigationBar

UITabBar

UIBarItem

UITabBarItem

UIBarButtonItem

UIResponder

The sections that follow provide more detail about the types of view controllers you use to organize and

present your application’s content.

About Custom View Controllers

Custom view controllers are the primary coordinating objects for your application’s content. Nearly every

application has at least one custom view controller, and a complex application might have many of them. A

custom view controller contains the logic and glue code needed to facilitate interactions between a portion

of your application’s data and the views used to present that data. The view controller may also interact with

other controller objects in your application, including the application delegate and other view controllers.

Types of View Controllers 17

CHAPTER 1

View Controller Basics

Each custom view controller object you create is responsible for managing all of the views in a single view

hierarchy. In iPhone applications, the views in a view hierarchy traditionally cover the entire screen, but in

iPad applications they may cover only a portion of the screen. The one-to-one correspondence between a

view controller and the views in its view hierarchy is the key design consideration. You should not use multiple

custom view controllers to manage different portions of the same view hierarchy. Similarly, you should not

use a single custom view controller object to manage multiple screens worth of content.

Note: If you want to divide a view hierarchy into multiple subareas and manage each one separately, use

generic controller objects (custom objects descending from NSObject) instead of view controller objects to

manage each subarea. Then use a single view controller object to manage the generic controller objects.

You create a custom view controller by subclassing UIViewController directly and adding custom code

to your subclass. The declaration of a typical UIViewController subclass includes things such as the

following:

● Member variables pointing to the objects containing the data to be displayed by the corresponding

views

● Member variables (or outlets) pointing to key view objects with which your view controller must interact

● Action methods that perform tasks associated with buttons and other controls in the view hierarchy

● Any additional methods needed to implement your view controller’s custom behavior

Because you use it to manage your custom content, most of the code in this type of view controller is going

to be specific to your application. However, there are also some common behaviors that all view controllers

can support. For these common behaviors, the UIViewController class defines methods that you can

override and use to implement the desired behavior. Some of the common behaviors include view

management, interface rotation management, and low-memory warning support.

Figure 1-3 shows an example of a custom view controller in the sample project BubbleLevel. This application

defines the LevelViewController class, which is a direct descendant of UIViewController. This class

monitors the accelerometer data for changes in the pitch of the device and uses that data to update its

associated view object. The view property of the view controller provides a reference to the actual view

object presenting the content.

Figure 1-3 Custom view controller in the BubbleLevel application

LevelViewController

view

Types of View Controllers

CHAPTER 1

View Controller Basics

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