Linux游戏编程指南

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"编程Linux游戏，一本专注于在Linux操作系统下开发游戏的指南，主要涉及OpenGL和SDL技术。本书由Loki Software, Inc.的John R. Hall编写，由No Starch Press出版。" 在《Programming Linux Games》这本书中，作者深入探讨了在Linux环境下创建游戏的各个方面，特别强调了使用OpenGL和SDL这两个重要的开源库。OpenGL是一种强大的图形库，广泛用于实现2D和3D图形渲染，是游戏开发中的核心组件。它提供了丰富的函数接口，允许开发者直接与硬件交互，创建高质量的视觉效果。而SDL（Simple DirectMedia Layer）则是一个跨平台的多媒体库，专为游戏开发设计，提供了对音频、键盘、鼠标、控制器等输入设备的支持，以及窗口管理和图像渲染等功能。SDL的易用性和跨平台特性使得它成为许多初学者和专业开发者的首选。本书不仅涵盖了OpenGL和SDL的基础知识，还可能包括了如何在Linux环境下设置开发环境、构建系统、调试技巧、性能优化等内容。对于游戏开发的高级主题，如物理引擎、人工智能、网络编程也可能有详细的讨论。此外，作者可能会分享一些实际的游戏开发案例，帮助读者理解如何将理论知识应用到实际项目中。由于版权原因，书中可能包含了一些关于商标使用的信息，表明作者在提及各种品牌或产品名称时，仅出于编辑目的，并无意侵犯任何商标权。此书的出版过程中，有专业的项目编辑、助理编辑、封面设计团队、校对人员和排版者参与，确保了内容的准确性和专业性。而且，值得注意的是，该书的排版使用了免费软件，这与Linux社区的开源精神相吻合，可能吸引那些热爱自由软件的开发者。《Programming Linux Games》是一本针对Linux游戏开发者的宝贵资源，它提供了一条通向Linux游戏开发世界的路径，无论是对初学者还是经验丰富的开发者来说，都能从中受益匪浅。通过学习和实践书中的内容，读者将能够掌握在Linux平台上利用OpenGL和SDL构建游戏所需的技术和策略。

iv PREFACE

Game programming has been one of my hobbies ever since my ﬁrst Commodore

64 computer, and I wasn’t about to leave it behind when I left the Windows

world for Linux. The SVGALib library held me over for a while, but SDL

quickly took over as my favorite way to write Linux games. After meeting the

Loki crew at a Linux trade show, I decided that Linux gaming meant business,

and got the idea to write a book about it. A year later, it is ﬁnally ﬁnished, and

I hope you enjoy reading it.

Who This Book Is For

This book is for anyone who wants to learn how to write games for Linux. I

assume that you know the basics of working with Linux; if you know enough to

start X, open a terminal, copy ﬁles around, and ﬁre up a text editor, you’re good

to go. I also assume that you have a reasonable grasp of the C programming

language. Flip through the book and see if you can decipher the syntax of the

examples. We’ll go through all of the necessary library calls, so don’t worry if

you see a bunch of unfamiliar function names, but you should be able to

understand the majority of the actual code. No prior experience with

multimedia programming is assumed, so don’t worry if you’ve never had the

perverse pleasure of hacking a graphics register or shoving a pixel into memory.

All in good time!

Although this isn’t a reference manual in the traditional sense, chapters 4, 5, 6,

and 8 provide reference boxes for most of the API functions we cover. I hope

that even experienced multimedia programmers can ﬁnd something useful here.

I will not discuss 3D programming in this book. There are already plenty of

excellent books on OpenGL, and only a small bit of OpenGL programming is

directly related to Linux. However, I will demonstrate how to use SDL as an

eﬀective replacement for the GLUT toolkit; see page 140.

Online Resources

I made the decision to not include a CD-ROM with this book. This choice was

both personal and pragmatic. Books CDs tend to get lost or damaged, no

matter how hard one tries to keep them in a safe place. CD inserts are usually

impossible to open without damaging the book in some way. And ﬁnally, the

PREFACE v

data that would be contained on the CD (presumably the libraries and examples

we’ll talk about in this book) would be obsolete by the time the book hit the

press.

Instead, we’ve put together a Web site with all the book’s examples and links to

various libraries you’ll need. You can access this site from either

http://www.nostarch.com or http://www.lokigames.com. Feel free to share

the example code with your friends and colleagues, and use it in your projects;

license details are included in the code archive.

Acknowledgements

This book would not have been possible without help from a lot of people.

No Starch Press was a pleasure to work with, even when I switched from SGML

to L

X in the middle of the project and mentioned that I would need printouts

instead of Word documents for copyedit. I thank everyone at

No Starch—especially Karol Jurado and Bill Pollock—for their patience and

willingness to accomodate a ﬁrst-time author. Thanks also to Amanda Staab for

making Programming Linux Games known to the world.

I’d like to thank the Loki crew for keeping my life interesting during the summer

of 2000; especially Sam Lantinga for tolerating my never-ending SDL and

framebuﬀer console questions, Joe Valenzuela for helping me get up to speed on

OpenAL, and Lance Colvin for providing me with a place to stay during the

summer. Scott Draeker was always there to answer questions and provide

feedback, even in the midst of slipping deadlines an an ever-changing table of

contents. This book would not have happened without his ongoing support.

The following people deserve a virtual beer for helping me in various ways. The

list is long, but so was the process of writing this book. Here goes:

Martin Donlon for starting the SDL Documentation Project and providing me

with helpful hints as I wrote Chapter 4, Ray Kelm for for commenting on Win32

portability issues, Matt Friedly of http://phluid.acid.org for allowing me to

use some of his tracker music (reﬂux.ogg) in Penguin Warrior, my Georgia Tech

roommates Daniel Larsen, Matt Might, Anthony Chen, and Frank Cheng for

tolerating my odd hacking hours and ﬁts of frustration over badly-documented

APIs, Mike Phillips for obtaining excellent screenshots (which unfortunately I

could not use due to the virtual impossibility of dealing with game company

vi PREFACE

legal departments), my IBM Model M keyboard for not breaking regardless of

the velocity of my ﬁst, Andy Mecham of Loki for pyrotechnic entertainment,

Nicholas Vining for helping me test code and getting me involved with the

Kosmos Online project, Steve Shack for pointing out inaccuracies, Mathew Lang

for scouring Chapter 1 with an avid gamer’s eye, Lee Nau for pointing out

errors, David Megginson and Andreas Umbach for screenshots, Damon Ragno,

Michele Bini, and Mitch Allmond for helping me test the networking code,

Terry Hendrix for telling me I was insane, Andrew Beardmore for providing

helpful feedback on an early draft, Erik de Castro Lopo for libsndﬁle,

Jason Wong, Andrew Buckner, and the rest of the netfeters for screenshots and

comments, David Hedbor, Steven Fuller, Dan Olson, Mike Delaney,

Anoakie Turner, and a bot named Nerf for making IRC interesting,

Brian Crowder, Ryan Gordon, Michael Vance, Andrew Henderson the assembly

guru, Daniel Vogel, Bernd Kreimeier, Rafael Barrero for keeping all the systems

running, Terry Warner, David Ranger, Kris Doyle, Brad Harris,

Steven Reinemund, Patrick Buchanan (deﬁnitely not to be confused with the

presidential candidate by the same name), Kyle Johnson, Josh Litherland,

Ola Nordstr¨om, Amir Ebrahimi, Sonny Rao, David Shea, Moshe Jacobson,

Lincoln Durey, St´ephane Peter, Mike Imamura, Pedro Pla, and anyone else

whom I may have left out. Writing a book is a long and fairly dull process. You

made it a lot easier.

I’d also like to thank all of my professors from years past. I can’t hope to name

them all here (nor are you likely interested in viewing such a catalog), but in

particular I would like to acknowledge Dr. Richard Newcomb, for being a truly

remarkable high school calculus teacher as well as getting me started with T

Greg Novinski for guiding me away from trouble for eight years at Cistercian, Fr.

Gregory Schweers, Jackie Greenﬁeld, Gary Nied, and Dr. Tom Pruit for

teaching me how to write, Fr. Mark Ripperger for feeding my programming and

electronics addiction, and Fr. Denis Farkasfalvy for a certain incident a few years

ago that I’m sure he recalls.

And of course my parents. I simply could not have written this book without

their encouragement and support.

John Hall

Atlanta, GA

2 CHAPTER 1

This book is not about game design, the mathematics of 3D graphics, or

advanced OpenGL programming. These topics are best left to books of their

own; I could not hope to do them justice here. However, with the knowledge you

will gain from this book, you will be prepared to tackle these topics later on.

Before we begin our discussion of Linux game programming, let’s take a quick

glance at our surroundings in the gaming industry so that you can better

understand what goes into this type of project.

A Quick Survey of Game Genres

Computer games tend to fall into any one of a number of distinct genres. Many

players have strong preferences for certain genres, which makes this an

important issue for game designers to consider. And, the presentation of a game

concept can make an enormous diﬀerence in its success.

Simulation Games

The simulation genre encompasses a wide variety of games, from ﬂight

simulators to Mech combat scenarios. An ideal simulator provides a high level of

realism in graphics, sound, and game physics. Some popular simulation games

are Heavy Gear II, MechWarrior, and Microsoft Flight Simulator. The basic goal

of any simulation game is to put the player behind the controls of something

exciting, something that he or she probably would not have access to in real life.

Simulations strive for immersion.

Simulation games (sims) are basically at two extremes. Some simulations aim for

absolute realism, seeking to entertain the player with an almost completely

accurate portrayal of real life. These “games” are sometimes even used for

real-life training purposes. Other sims, like the Heavy Gear and MechWarrior

series, trade realism for pure entertainment value. These games are based only

loosely on reality; they simulate imaginary vehicles with extraordinary but

rather impossible capabilities. (Interestingly, the MechWarrior and Heavy Gear

computer games are based on pencil-and-paper role-playing games.)

Simulations pose a serious development challenge. Since a good modern

simulation requires high-quality 3D graphics, detailed vehicle models, a game

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