Physics Letters B 783 (2018) 320–325
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Stable cosmological solutions in degenerate theory of gravity
Ryotaro Kase
a
, Rampei Kimura
b
, Atsushi Naruko
c
, Daisuke Yoshida
d
a
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
b
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
c
Frontier Resear ch Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences & Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
d
Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2T8, Canada
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
6 April 2018
Received
in revised form 6 July 2018
Accepted
6 July 2018
Available
online 10 July 2018
We study cosmological applications of extended vector–tensor theories, whose Lagrangians contain up to
two derivatives with respect to metric and vector field. We derive background equations under the as-
sumption
of homogeneous and isotropic universe and study the nature of cosmological perturbations on
top of the background. We found an example of healthy cosmological solutions in non-trivial degenerate
theory of gravity for the first time, where those perturbations do not suffer from any instabilities, that is,
ghost and gradient instabilities.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
1. Introduction
Although general relativity may be the most successful theory
for describing gravitational interactions and consistent with obser-
vations
and experiments at solar-system scales with high accuracy
[1], it is not sure whether general relativity can be applied to larger
scales, e.g., cosmological scales. In fact, motivated from the fact
that the universe was/is undergoing accelerated phases of expan-
sion
at early [2–6] and recent epoch [7,8], alternative gravitational
theories beyond general relativity have attracted considerable at-
tention
for the last several decades.
A
simple way to modify general relativity will be to introduce a
scalar degree of freedom, which could non-minimally couple with
gravitational or matter field, and it then mediates the fifth force.
Here, we have to be careful because such a modification could in-
duce
the change of gravitational law at all scales. Indeed, the first
example of modified gravity, Brans–Dicke theory [9], is tightly con-
strained
from the solar-system tests [1]. Under the constraint, it is
difficult to find difference from general relativity. However, there
are viable models that can evade these constraints, that is, modi-
fication
of gravity only takes place at cosmological scales (see for
reviews e.g. [10–12]). In such models, the law of gravity reduces
to the one in general relativity through screening effects of the
fifth forth at small scales. In one of the famous screening effects
called Vainshtein mechanism [13,14], the non-linearities of scalar
E-mail address: rampei@aoni.waseda.jp (R. Kimura).
self-interactions containing higher derivatives become important at
small scales, and as a result the scalar field effectively weakly cou-
ples
with gravity.
On
the other hand, once equations of motion have higher-order
time derivatives (more than third derivatives), the system, in gen-
eral,
contains extra degrees of freedom known as Ostrogradsky’s
ghosts [15]. Therefore, one should design a theory with care when
a Lagrangian contains higher derivatives as in the case of a galileon
field [16,17]. In galileon theories, although the Lagrangian con-
tains
second derivatives, which cannot be removed by integrating
by parts, the equations of motion for gravity and scalar field suc-
cessfully
remain second-order differential equations. The galileon
field can be further extended, and the most general scalar–tensor
theory, whose equations of motion are at most second-order dif-
ferential
equations, is now known as Horndeski theory [18](or
generalized galileon [19,20], see for review e.g. [21]).
Intriguingly,
it has been recently argued that one can construct
a theory without Ostrogradsky’s ghost even if Euler–Lagrange
equations contains higher derivatives, as long as the theory has
an appropriate number of constraints (see [22–25]for bosons and
[26]for fermions). The first example has been found in the con-
text
of the curved space–time extension of galileon theory called
beyond Horndeski or GLPV theory [27]. The generalization of de-
generate
higher-order scalar–tensor theories has been recently in-
vestigated
in the case of the Lagrangian that depends on second
order derivatives quadratically [28–32] and cubically [33]. Further-
more,
the stability analysis of the quadratic theory on a cosmolog-
ical
background has been investigated in [34]. Unfortunately, the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.07.009
0370-2693/
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.