Intel 80386程序员参考手册：1986版

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"Intel 80386程序员参考手册，1986年版，由Intel Corporation出版。该手册包含80386芯片的详细规格和技术信息，但Intel不对文档中的任何错误负责，也不承诺更新其中的信息。手册提醒用户在下单前联系当地销售办公室获取最新的规格信息。此外，手册列出了Intel Corporation的一些商标。" 《Intel 80386程序员参考手册》是理解80386微处理器的关键资源，80386是Intel公司在1980年代中期推出的一款32位微处理器，它标志着个人计算机性能的一次重大飞跃。这款处理器引入了许多创新特性，如： 1. **32位架构**：80386是Intel的第一款32位CPU，能够处理32位数据和地址，支持高达4GB的内存地址空间。 2. **保护模式**：80386引入了高级的内存管理和保护机制，允许多任务并行运行，每个任务有自己的地址空间，增强了系统的安全性和稳定性。 3. **虚拟内存**：通过分页技术，80386可以实现物理内存与虚拟内存的映射，使得程序可以在超过实际物理内存大小的地址空间中运行。 4. **浮点运算单元（FPU）**：内建的浮点运算单元大大提高了浮点数学计算的速度，对科学计算和图形处理至关重要。 5. **指令集扩展**：80386增加了许多新的指令，如字符串操作指令、循环指令和位操作指令，提升了代码效率。 6. **多任务和多线程**：80386支持同时执行多个程序，通过时间片轮转实现并发，而多线程功能则允许单个程序内部同时进行多个任务。 7. **中断处理**：改进的中断处理机制使系统能更高效地响应外部设备的请求，增强了系统的实时性。 8. **总线结构**：80386支持多种总线标准，如Multibus和ISA（ Industry Standard Architecture），为外设扩展提供了便利。该手册详细阐述了这些特性的实现和使用方法，包括寄存器结构、指令系统、中断处理、内存管理以及I/O操作等。对于软件开发者来说，它是编写兼容80386的系统软件和应用软件的必备参考资料。尽管手册发布于1986年，但其基础原理和许多设计思想至今仍对理解和开发现代CPU有所帮助。

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 16 of 421

1. Protected Mode.

2. Real-Address Mode.

3. Virtual 8086 Mode.

Protected mode is the natural 32-bit environment of the 80386 processor. In

this mode all instructions and features are available.

Real-address mode (often called just "real mode") is the mode of the

processor immediately after RESET. In real mode the 80386 appears to

programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Most applications of

the 80386 will use real mode for initialization only.

Virtual 8086 mode (also called V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense

that the processor can switch repeatedly and rapidly between V86 mode and

protected mode. The CPU enters V86 mode from protected mode to execute an

8086 program, then leaves V86 mode and enters protected mode to continue

executing a native 80386 program.

The features that are available to applications programs in protected mode

and to all programs in V86 mode are the same. These features form the

content of Part I. The additional features that are available to systems

software in protected mode form Part II. Part III explains real-address

mode and V86 mode, as well as how to execute a mix of 32-bit and 16-bit

programs.

Available in All Modes Part I ── Applications Programming

Available in Protected Part II ── Systems Programming

Mode Only

Compatibility Modes Part III ── Compatibility

1.1.1 Part I ── Applications Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by applications programmers.

Chapter 2 ── Basic Programming Model: Introduces the models of memory

organization. Defines the data types. Presents the register set used by

applications. Introduces the stack. Explains string operations. Defines the

parts of an instruction. Explains addressing calculations. Introduces

interrupts and exceptions as they may apply to applications programming.

Chapter 3 ── Application Instruction Set: Surveys the instructions commonly

used for applications programming. Considers instructions in functionally

related groups; for example, string instructions are considered in one

section, while control-transfer instructions are considered in another.

Explains the concepts behind the instructions. Details of individual

instructions are deferred until Part IV, the instruction-set reference.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 17 of 421

1.1.2 Part II ── Systems Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by programmers who write operating systems, device drivers, debuggers,

and other software that supports applications programs in the protected mode

of the 80386.

Chapter 4 ── Systems Architecture: Surveys the features of the 80386 that

are used by systems programmers. Introduces the remaining registers and data

structures of the 80386 that were not discussed in Part I. Introduces the

systems-oriented instructions in the context of the registers and data

structures they support. Points to the chapter where each register, data

structure, and instruction is considered in more detail.

Chapter 5 ── Memory Management: Presents details of the data structures,

registers, and instructions that support virtual memory and the concepts of

segmentation and paging. Explains how systems designers can choose a model

of memory organization ranging from completely linear ("flat") to fully

paged and segmented.

Chapter 6 ── Protection: Expands on the memory management features of the

80386 to include protection as it applies to both segments and pages.

Explains the implementation of privilege rules, stack switching, pointer

validation, user and supervisor modes. Protection aspects of multitasking

are deferred until the following chapter.

Chapter 7 ── Multitasking: Explains how the hardware of the 80386 supports

multitasking with context-switching operations and intertask protection.

Chapter 8 ── Input/Output: Reveals the I/O features of the 80386, including

I/O instructions, protection as it relates to I/O, and the I/O permission

map.

Chapter 9 ── Exceptions and Interrupts: Explains the basic interrupt

mechanisms of the 80386. Shows how interrupts and exceptions relate to

protection. Discusses all possible exceptions, listing causes and including

information needed to handle and recover from the exception.

Chapter 10 ── Initialization: Defines the condition of the processor after

RESET or power-up. Explains how to set up registers, flags, and data

structures for either real-address mode or protected mode. Contains an

example of an initialization program.

Chapter 11 ── Coprocessing and Multiprocessing: Explains the instructions

and flags that support a numerics coprocessor and multiple CPUs with shared

memory.

Chapter 12 ── Debugging: Tells how to use the debugging registers of the

80386.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 18 of 421

1.1.3 Part III ── Compatibility

Other parts of the book treat the processor primarily as a 32-bit machine,

omitting for simplicity its facilities for 16-bit operations. Indeed, the

80386 is a 32-bit machine, but its design fully supports 16-bit operands and

addressing, too. This part completes the picture of the 80386 by explaining

the features of the architecture that support 16-bit programs and 16-bit

operations in 32-bit programs. All three processor modes are used to

execute 16-bit programs: protected mode can directly execute 16-bit 80286

protected mode programs, real mode executes 8086 programs and real-mode

80286 programs, and virtual 8086 mode executes 8086 programs in a

multitasking environment with other 80386 protected-mode programs. In

addition, 32-bit and 16-bit modules and individual 32-bit and 16-bit

operations can be mixed in protected mode.

Chapter 13 ── Executing 80286 Protected-Mode Code: In its protected mode,

the 80386 can execute complete 80286 protected-mode systems, because 80286

capabilities are a subset of 80386 capabilities.

Chapter 14 ── 80386 Real-Address Mode: Explains the real mode of the 80386

CPU. In this mode the 80386 appears as a fast real-mode 80286 or fast 8086

enhanced with additional instructions.

Chapter 15 ── Virtual 8086 Mode: The 80386 can switch rapidly between its

protected mode and V86 mode, giving it the ability to multiprogram 8086

programs along with "native mode" 32-bit programs.

Chapter 16 ── Mixing 16-Bit and 32-Bit Code: Even within a program or task,

the 80386 can mix 16-bit and 32-bit modules. Furthermore, any given module

can utilize both 16-bit and 32-bit operands and addresses.

1.1.4 Part IV ── Instruction Set

Parts I, II, and III present overviews of the instructions as they relate

to specific aspects of the architecture, but this part presents the

instructions in alphabetical order, providing the detail needed by

assembly-language programmers and programmers of debuggers, compilers,

operating systems, etc. Instruction descriptions include algorithmic

description of operation, effect of flag settings, effect on flag settings,

effect of operand- or address-size attributes, effect of processor modes,

and possible exceptions.

1.1.5 Appendices

The appendices present tables of encodings and other details in a format

designed for quick reference by assembly-language and systems programmers.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 20 of 421

● When loading a register, always load the undefined bits as zeros or

reload them with values previously stored from the same register.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

NOTE

Depending upon the values of undefined register bits will make software

dependent upon the unspecified manner in which the 80386 handles these

bits. Depending upon undefined values risks making software incompatible

with future processors that define usages for these bits. AVOID ANY

SOFTWARE DEPENDENCE UPON THE STATE OF UNDEFINED 80386 REGISTER BITS.

Figure 1-1. Example Data Structure

GREATEST DATA STRUCTURE

ADDRESS

31 23 15 7 0 ◄──BIT

╔═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╗ OFFSET

║ ║28

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║24

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║20

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║16

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║12

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║8

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ UNDEFINED ║4

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣ SMALLEST

║ BYTE 3 BYTE 2 BYTE 1 BYTE 0 ║0 ADDRESS

╚═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╝▲

BYTE OFFSET───┘

1.3.3 Instruction Operands

When instructions are represented symbolically, a subset of the 80386

Assembly Language is used. In this subset, an instruction has the following

format:

label: prefix mnemonic argument1, argument2, argument3

where:

● A label is an identifier that is followed by a colon.

● A prefix is an optional reserved name for one of the instruction

prefixes.

● A mnemonic is a reserved name for a class of instruction opcodes that

have the same function.

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