掌握Git：Pro Git初学者指南

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"Pro Git - Scott Chacon.pdf" Git是目前广泛使用的版本控制系统，尤其在IT行业中，对于软件开发项目的协作和代码管理起着至关重要的作用。由Scott Chacon编写的《Pro Git》是一本深入介绍Git的权威书籍，它详细讲解了Git的各种功能和用法，帮助用户从零开始掌握这个强大的工具。 Git的核心特点是分布式版本控制，不同于传统的集中式版本控制系统，如CVS或SVN，Git允许每个开发者在本地拥有整个项目的完整历史记录，这大大提高了效率和灵活性。Git采用了快照式的版本管理方式，每次提交都会保存一个完整文件系统的所有文件，而不是仅仅记录文件的变化，这使得版本回溯和分支管理变得非常快速和简单。 Git的基本操作包括创建和克隆仓库、添加文件、提交更改、查看历史、分支管理和合并等。其中，Git的三个核心状态——工作区、暂存区和版本库，是理解Git工作流程的关键。工作区是用户直接编辑文件的地方，暂存区用于临时保存修改，而版本库则保存所有提交的历史记录。安装Git可以在不同的操作系统上进行，包括Linux、Mac OS X和Windows。对于Linux用户，可以通过包管理器进行安装；Mac用户可以使用Homebrew或官方的Git for Mac；Windows用户可以下载Git for Windows，它集成了命令行工具和Git Bash模拟环境。首次使用Git，需要配置用户身份（用户名和电子邮件）、选择默认文本编辑器、设置差异比较工具，并检查配置是否正确。Git还提供了丰富的帮助系统，方便用户查询命令用法和解决问题。在《Pro Git》这本书中，作者详细介绍了如何初始化仓库、添加远程仓库、创建和切换分支、解决合并冲突以及与其他用户协作的各种方法。通过学习这本书，读者不仅可以掌握Git的基本操作，还能了解到高级特性，如子模块、钩子、标签和重写历史等，从而成为Git的熟练使用者。 Git作为一款强大的版本管理工具，对于任何IT从业者，尤其是软件开发者来说，都是必备技能之一。《Pro Git》这本书是学习Git的理想资源，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中受益匪浅。

Chapter 1 Getting Started Scott Chacon Pro Git

of a file and the file a month ago, Git can look up the file a month ago and do

a local difference calculation, instead of having to either ask a remote server to

do it or pull an older version of the file from the remote server to do it locally.

This also means that there is very little you can’t do if you’re offline or off

VPN. If you get on an airplane or a train and want to do a little work, you can

commit happily until you get to a network connection to upload. If you go home

and can’t get your VPN client working properly, you can still work. In many other

systems, doing so is either impossible or painful. In Perforce, for example, you

can’t do much when you aren’t connected to the server; and in Subversion and

CVS, you can edit files, but you can’t commit changes to your database (because

your database is offline). This may not seem like a huge deal, but you may be

surprised what a big difference it can make.

1.3.3 Git Has Integrity

Everything in Git is check-summed before it is stored and is then referred to

by that checksum. This means it’s impossible to change the contents of any file

or directory without Git knowing about it. This functionality is built into Git at

the lowest levels and is integral to its philosophy. You can’t lose information in

transit or get file corruption without Git being able to detect it.

The mechanism that Git uses for this checksumming is called a SHA-1 hash.

This is a 40-character string composed of hexadecimal characters (0–9 and a–

f) and calculated based on the contents of a file or directory structure in Git. A

SHA-1 hash looks something like this:

24b9da6552252987aa493b52f8696cd6d3b00373

You will see these hash values all over the place in Git because it uses them

so much. In fact, Git stores everything not by file name but in the Git database

addressable by the hash value of its contents.

1.3.4 Git Generally Only Adds Data

When you do actions in Git, nearly all of them only add data to the Git

database. It is very difficult to get the system to do anything that is not un-

doable or to make it erase data in any way. As in any VCS, you can lose or mess

up changes you haven’t committed yet; but after you commit a snapshot into

Git, it is very difficult to lose, especially if you regularly push your database to

another repository.

This makes using Git a joy because we know we can experiment without the

danger of severely screwing things up. For a more in-depth look at how Git stores

its data and how you can recover data that seems lost, see “Under the Covers”

in Chapter 9.

Chapter 1 Getting Started Scott Chacon Pro Git

$ sudo port install git-core +svn +doc +bash_completion +gitweb

You don’t have to add all the extras, but you’ll probably want to include +svn

in case you ever have to use Git with Subversion repositories (see Chapter 8).

1.4.4 Installing on Windows

Installing Git on Windows is very easy. The msysGit project has one of the

easier installation procedures. Simply download the installer exe file from the

Google Code page, and run it:

http://code.google.com/p/msysgit

After it’s installed, you have both a command-line version (including an SSH

client that will come in handy later) and the standard GUI.

1.5 First-Time Git Setup

Now that you have Git on your system, you’ll want to do a few things to

customize your Git environment. You should have to do these things only once;

they’ll stick around between upgrades. You can also change them at any time

by running through the commands again.

Git comes with a tool called git config that lets you get and set configuration

variables that control all aspects of how Git looks and operates. These variables

can be stored in three different places:

• /etc/gitconfig file: Contains values for every user on the system and all

their repositories. If you pass the option--system to git config, it reads

and writes from this file specifically.

• ~/.gitconfig file: Specific to your user. You can make Git read and write

to this file specifically by passing the --global option.

• config file in the git directory (that is, .git/config) of whatever repository

you’re currently using: Specific to that single repository. Each level over-

rides values in the previous level, so values in .git/config trump those in

/etc/gitconfig.

On Windows systems, Git looks for the .gitconfig file in the $HOME directory (C:

\Documents and Settings\$USER for most people). It also still looks for /etc/

gitconfig, although it’s relative to the MSys root, which is wherever you decide

to install Git on your Windows system when you run the installer.

1.5.1 Your Identity

The first thing you should do when you install Git is to set your user name

and e-mail address. This is important because every Git commit uses this infor-

mation, and it’s immutably baked into the commits you pass around:

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