Oracle基础教程第五版精华解读

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"Oracle Essentials, 5th Edition" 是一本由 Rick Greenwald、Robert Stackowiak 和 Jonathan Stern 合著的书籍，专注于介绍 Oracle 的核心概念和技术。这本书面向的读者可能是对 Oracle 数据库系统感兴趣的 IT 专业人士，或者是希望深入理解 Oracle 工作原理的学习者。在本书中，作者们详细探讨了 Oracle 数据库系统的各个方面，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Oracle 数据库架构** - 书中详细介绍了 Oracle 数据库的基础架构，包括数据存储、内存结构（如 SGA 和 PGA）以及进程模型。这有助于读者理解数据库如何处理请求并管理数据。 2. **SQL 语言与 PL/SQL** - 书中会涵盖 SQL 的基本语法和高级特性，如 DDL（数据定义语言）、DML（数据操作语言）以及事务管理。同时，也会讲解 PL/SQL，Oracle 的过程化编程语言，用于编写存储过程、函数和触发器。 3. **数据库安全** - 学习如何创建用户、角色，以及权限和对象权限的管理，以确保数据库的安全性和数据隐私。 4. **性能优化** - 书中将讨论 SQL 查询优化，包括索引策略、执行计划分析以及使用 SQL*Plus 和 EXPLAIN PLAN 工具。还会涉及性能监视和调优工具，如 V$ 视图和 AWR 报告。 5. **备份与恢复** - 了解 Oracle 的备份和恢复机制，包括 RMAN（恢复管理器）和数据泵导出导入，以及如何制定有效的备份策略。 6. **高可用性解决方案** - 包括 RAC（Real Application Clusters）和 Data Guard，这些技术可以帮助构建高可用性和灾难恢复解决方案。 7. **数据库设计与管理** - 讨论关系数据库设计原则，如范式理论，以及如何在 Oracle 中实施这些设计。 8. **Oracle 管理工具** - 介绍 Oracle Enterprise Manager、SQL Developer 和其他实用工具，用于数据库的日常管理和监控。 9. **Oracle 云服务** - 随着云计算的发展，书中的内容可能还会涉及到 Oracle 的云解决方案，如 Oracle Database Cloud Service，以及如何在云端部署和管理数据库。 10. **最新版特性** - 作为第五版，书中可能会涵盖 Oracle 最新版本的新特性和改进，帮助读者了解最新的技术发展。这本书对于想要系统学习 Oracle 的读者来说是一本宝贵的资源，它不仅提供了理论知识，还通过实例和最佳实践帮助读者理解和应用这些概念。无论你是数据库管理员、开发人员还是系统架构师，"Oracle Essentials, 5th Edition" 都能为你提供全面且深入的 Oracle 教程。

Some explanations of how Oracle works are fundamental to the database and have not

changed in subsequent editions of the book, so some of Jonathan’s original work remains

here, although much of the surrounding text is now considerably different. Of course,

some entire sections describing the complex steps that were once needed to manage

and deploy older releases of the database are no longer relevant and thus are no longer

included. Jonathan would probably view Oracle’s self-managing, self-tuning, and cloud-

enabling improvements as incredible achievements, but would also wonder whether it

is a good thing that people can know even less today about how the database works but

still deploy it.

So, we introduce you to the fifth edition of Oracle Essentials. We have made many

changes in this edition. Some, of course, result from changes in features in Oracle Da‐

tabase 12c and the ways that you can now use and deploy the latest release of the database.

But we have also made a considerable effort to go back and rewrite parts of the book

that we did not believe possessed the clarity needed by our readers—clarity that Jonathan

would want in such a book. So, he influences us still.

Goals of This Book

Our main goal is to give you a foundation for using the Oracle Database effectively and

efficiently. Therefore, we wrote with these principles in mind:

Focus

We’ve tried to concentrate on the most important Oracle issues. Every topic pro‐

vides a comprehensive but concise discussion of how Oracle handles an issue and

the repercussions of that action.

Brevity

One of the first decisions we made was to concentrate on principles rather than

syntax. There simply isn’t room for myriad syntax diagrams and examples in this

book.

Uniqueness

We’ve tried to make this an ideal first Oracle book for a wide spectrum of Oracle

users—but not the last! You will very likely have to refer to Oracle documentation

or other, more specific books for more details about using Oracle. However, we

hope this book will act as an accelerator for you. Using the foundation you get from

this book, you can take detailed information from other sources and put it to the

best use.

This book is the result of more than 65 combined years of experience with Oracle and

other databases. We hope you’ll benefit from that experience.

xiv | Preface

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Audience for This Book

We wrote this book for people possessing all levels of Oracle expertise. Our target au‐

diences include DBAs who spend most of their workday managing Oracle, application

developers who build their systems on the data available in an Oracle Database, and

system administrators who are concerned with how Oracle will affect their computing

environments. Of course, IT managers and business users interact more peripherally

with the actual Oracle Database, but can still gain from a better understanding of the

product. On the one hand, anticipating the appropriate technical level of all our potential

readers presented difficulties; on the other hand, we’ve tried to build a solid foundation

from the ground up and believe that some introductory material benefits everyone.

We’ve also tried to ensure that every reader receives all the fundamental information

necessary to truly understand the topics presented.

If you’re an experienced Oracle user, you may be tempted to skip over material in this

book with which you are already familiar. But experience has shown that some of the

most basic Oracle principles can be overlooked, even by experts. We’ve also seen how

the same small “gotchas” trip up even the most experienced Oracle practitioners and

cause immense damage if they go unnoticed. After all, an ounce of prevention, tempered

by understanding, is worth a pound of cure, especially when you are trying to keep your

systems running optimally. So we hope that even experienced Oracle users will find

valuable information in every chapter of this book—information that will save hours in

their busy professional lives.

Our guiding principle has been to present this information compactly without making

it overly tutorial. We think that the most important ratio in a book like this is the amount

of useful information you get balanced against the time it takes you to get it. We sincerely

hope this volume provides a terrific bang for the buck.

About the Fifth Edition (Oracle Database 12c)

The first four editions of this book, covering the Oracle Database up to the Oracle

Database 11g version, have been well received, and we were pleased that O’Reilly Media

agreed to publish this fifth edition. In this update to the book, we have added informa‐

tion describing the latest release of Oracle, Oracle Database 12c.

For the most part, the task of preparing this fifth edition was fairly clear-cut, because

the Oracle Database 12c release is primarily incremental—the new features in the release

extend existing features of the database. We’ve added the information about these ex‐

tensions to each of the chapters, wherever this information was most relevant and ap‐

propriate. However, manageability has greatly changed over the release, and is reflected

in many of the most significant changes to content.

Preface | xv

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Of course, this fifth edition cannot possibly cover everything that is new in Oracle

Database 12c. In general, we have followed the same guidelines for this edition that we

did for the first four editions. If a new feature does not seem to be broadly important,

we have not necessarily delved into it. As with earlier editions, we have not tried to

produce a laundry list of every characteristic of the Oracle Database. In addition, if a

feature falls into an area outside the scope of the earlier editions, we have not attempted

to cover it in this edition unless it has assumed new importance.

Structure of This Book

This book is divided into 15 chapters and 2 appendixes, as follows:

Chapter 1 describes the range of Oracle Databases and data stores and Fusion Middle‐

ware products and features and provides a brief history of Oracle and relational data‐

bases.

Chapter 2 describes the core concepts and structures (e.g., files, processes, pluggable

databases, and so on) that are the architectural basis of Oracle.

Chapter 3 briefly describes how to install Oracle and how to configure, start up, and

shut down the database and Oracle Net.

Chapter 4 summarizes the various datatypes supported by Oracle and introduces the

Oracle objects (e.g., tables, views, indexes). This chapter also covers query optimization.

Chapter 5 provides an overview of managing an Oracle system, including the advisors

available as part of Oracle Database 12c, the role of Oracle Enterprise Manager (EM)

12c, information lifecycle management through the use of heat maps, and working with

Oracle Support.

Chapter 6 provides an overview of basic Oracle security, Oracle’s security options, basic

auditing capabilities, and ways you can leverage database security and audit options to

meet compliance needs.

Chapter 7 describes the main issues relevant to Oracle performance—especially the

major performance characteristics of disk, memory, and CPU tuning. It describes how

Oracle Enterprise Manager, the Automatic Workload Repository, and the Automatic

Database Diagnostic Monitor are used for performance monitoring and management,

as well as parallelism and memory management in Oracle.

Chapter 8 describes the basic principles of multiuser concurrency (e.g., transactions,

locks, integrity problems) and explains how Oracle handles concurrency.

Chapter 9 describes online transaction processing (OLTP) in Oracle.

Chapter 10 describes the basic principles of data warehouses and business intelligence,

Oracle Database features used for such solutions, the role of Hadoop in Big Data solu‐

xvi | Preface

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This icon indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note. For example, we’ll

tell you if you need to use a particular version of Oracle or if an oper‐

ation requires certain privileges.

This icon indicates a warning or caution. For example, we’ll tell you if

Oracle doesn’t behave as you’d expect or if a particular operation neg‐

atively impacts performance.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. Though the nature of this book is such

that you will find minimal code, you may use the code in this book in your programs

and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re repro‐

ducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several

chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a

CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a ques‐

tion by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incor‐

porating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s doc‐

umentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 12c, Fifth

O’Reilly Media Inc., 978-1-4493-4303-3.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

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