LaTeX2e非官方参考手册

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"latex2e.pdf" 是一份非官方的 LaTeX2e 参考手册，主要介绍了 LaTeX2e 这个文档处理系统的基础命令和用法。手册由多个作者共同编撰，包括 George D. Greenwade、Stephen Gilmore 和 Torsten Martienssen 等，并在 Karl Berry 的持续更新和添加下得以完善。该文档提供了对 LaTeX 命令的详细解释，并受到了其他 LaTeX 参考文献的启发。正文： LaTeX2e 是一个基于 TeX 的排版系统，广泛用于学术界和技术出版物，因为它能够生成高质量的排版和复杂的数学公式。这份非官方的参考手册涵盖了 LaTeX2e 的各种基本命令和环境，是学习和查找 LaTeX 相关信息的宝贵资源。手册中，你可以找到关于文档结构的指导，例如如何定义文档类（如 article、book 或 report）、如何设置页眉和页脚，以及如何组织章节和段落。此外，它还详细讲解了如何插入标题、页码、列表、引用和交叉引用等基本元素。在数学公式方面，手册详述了 LaTeX 的数学模式，包括行内数学模式和 display 模式，以及如何创建各种数学符号、矩阵、积分、求和等高级表达式。对于需要制作图表的用户，手册也介绍了图、表的创建和排版方法，包括使用 \includegraphics 命令插入图像。 LaTeX2e 支持宏包的使用，这些宏包可以扩展其功能。手册中提到了一些常用的宏包，如 graphicx（用于图形处理）、amsmath（增强数学公式支持）、hyperref（实现超链接和书签）等，并展示了如何导入和使用它们。除此之外，手册还讨论了 BibTeX，这是一个用于管理参考文献的工具。它解释了如何编写 .bib 文件，存储参考文献信息，以及如何在文档中引用这些参考文献，以自动生成格式化的引用列表。对于需要排版复杂布局的用户，手册提供了对 floats（浮动体，如表格和图片）的控制，包括位置参数（如 h, t, b, p）的含义，以及如何调整它们的行为。同时，手册也涉及了定制文档样式和模板的技巧，如创建自定义命令、修改列表样式或创建新的环境。 "latex2e.pdf" 是 LaTeX 用户不可或缺的参考资料，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的用户，都能从中找到你需要的信息，提高你的 LaTeX 排版技能。这份手册的更新版本可在其官网 https://latexref.xyz/ 查找，以获取最新的 LaTeX 特性和改进。

Chapter 2: Overview of L

X 6

...

\end{environment name}

An area of L

X source, inside of which there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for

poetry in L

X put the lines between \begin{verse} and \end{verse}.

\begin{verse}

There once was a man from Nantucket \\

...

\end{verse}

See Chapter 8 [Environments], page 44, for a list of environments. Particularly notable

is that every L

X document must have a document environment, a \begin{document}

... \end{document} pair.

The environment name at the beginning must exactly match that at the end. This

includes the case where environment name ends in a star (*); both the \begin and \end

texts must include the star.

Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This example pro-

duces a table. The ﬁrst argument is optional (and causes the table to be aligned on its top

row) while the second argument is required (it speciﬁes the formatting of columns).

\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}

... rows of table ...

\end{tabular}

2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive T

X Archive Network

The Comprehensive T

X Archive Network, CTAN, is the T

X and L

X community’s

repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites around the world that oﬀer material

related to L

X for download. Visit CTAN on the web at https://ctan.org.

This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that typically oﬀer some co-

herent functionality and are maintained by one person or a small number of people. For

instance, many publishers have a package that allows authors to format papers to that

publisher’s speciﬁcations.

In addition to the massive holdings, the web site oﬀers features such as search by name

or by functionality.

CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the sites is the core. This

site actively manages the material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated

packages. It is hosted by the German T

X group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the world

help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their collections with the core site and

then in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to their location

better access and relieves the load on the core site. The list of mirrors is at https://ctan.

org/mirrors.

Chapter 3: Document classes 8

When using one of the engines pdfL

X, LuaL

X, or XeL

X (see Section 2.3 [T

engines], page 4), options other than letterpaper set the print area but you must also set

the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth and

\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document’s preamble. The geometry package

provides ﬂexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.

Miscellaneous other options:

draft

final Mark (draft) or do not mark (final) overfull boxes with a black box in the

margin; default is final.

fleqn Put displayed formulas ﬂush left; default is centered.

landscape

Selects landscape format; default is portrait.

leqno Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.

openbib Use “open” bibliography format.

titlepage

notitlepage

Speciﬁes whether there is a separate page for the title information and for the

abstract also, if there is one. The default for the report class is titlepage,

for the other classes it is notitlepage.

The following options are not available with the slides class.

onecolumn

twocolumn

Typeset in one or two columns; default is onecolumn.

oneside

twoside Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is oneside, except that in the book

class the default is twoside.

For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided print-

ing, the \evensidemargin (\oddsidemargin) parameter determines the dis-

tance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the page and the

text’s left margin, with \oddsidemargin being 40% of the diﬀerence between

\paperwidth and \textwidth, and \evensidemargin is the remainder.

openright

openany Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is openright

for book, and openany for report.

The slides class oﬀers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom of each

note.

3.2 Additional packages

Load a package pkg, with the package options given in the comma-separated list options,

as here.

\usepackage[options]{pkg}.

Chapter 3: Document classes 9

To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma, as in

\usepackage{pkg1,pkg2,...}, or use multiple \usepackage commands.

Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown to the selected

document class are passed on to the packages loaded with \usepackage.

3.3 Class and package construction

You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if your memos must

satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard header for each page, then you could cre-

ate a new class smcmemo.cls and begin your documents with \documentclass{smcmemo}.

What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a package

are useful across classes while those in a document class are speciﬁc to that class. Thus, a

command to set page headers is for a package while a command to make the page headers

say Memo from the SMC Math Department is for a class.

Inside of a class or package ﬁle you can use the at-sign @ as a character in command

names without having to surround the code containing that command with \makeatletter

and \makeatother. See Section 12.3 [\makeatletter & \makeatother], page 105. This allow

you to create commands that users will not accidentally redeﬁne. Another technique is

to preface class- or package-speciﬁc commands with some string to prevent your class or

package from interfering with others. For instance, the class smcmemo might have commands

\smc@tolist, \smc@fromlist, etc.

3.3.1 Class and package structure

A class ﬁle or package ﬁle typically has four parts.

1. In the identiﬁcation part, the ﬁle says that it is a L

X package or class and de-

scribes itself, using the \NeedsTeXFormat and \ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage

commands.

2. The preliminary declarations part declares some commands and can also load other

ﬁles. Usually these commands will be those needed for the code used in the next part.

For example, an smcmemo class might be called with an option to read in a ﬁle with a list

of people for the to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and therefore needs

to deﬁne a command \newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}} used in that ﬁle.

3. In the handle options part the class or package declares and processes its options.

Class options allow a user to start their document as \documentclass[option

list]{class name}, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you

declare \documentclass[11pt]{article} to set the default document font size.

4. Finally, in the more declarations part the class or package usually does most of its

work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and loading other ﬁles.

Here is a starting class ﬁle, which should be saved as stub.cls where L

X can ﬁnd it,

for example in the same directory as the .tex ﬁle.

\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}

\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]

\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}

\ProcessOptions\relax

\LoadClass{article}

Chapter 3: Document classes 10

It identiﬁes itself, handles the class options via the default of passing them all to the article

class, and then loads the article class to provide the basis for this class’s code.

For more, see the oﬃcial guide for class and package writers, the Class Guide, at http://

www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf (much of the descriptions

here derive from this document), or the tutorial https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/

tb84heff.pdf.

3.3.2 Class and package commands

These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.

\AtBeginDvi{specials}

Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi ﬁle at the beginning

of the shipout of the ﬁrst page of the document.

\AtEndOfClass{code}

\AtEndOfPackage{code}

Hook to insert code to be executed when L

X ﬁnishes processing the current

class or package. You can use these hooks multiple times; the code will be

executed in the order that you called it. See also Section 8.6.1 [\AtBeginDoc-

ument], page 49.

\CheckCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition}

\CheckCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition}

Like \newcommand (see Section 12.1 [\newcommand & \renewcommand],

page 103) but does not deﬁne cmd; instead it checks that the current deﬁnition

of cmd is exactly as given by deﬁnition and is or is not long as expected. A

long command is a command that accepts \par within an argument. The cmd

command is expected to be long with the unstarred version of \CheckCommand.

Raises an error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you

start redeﬁning cmd yourself that no other package has already redeﬁned this

command.

\ClassError{class name}{error text}{help text}

\PackageError{package name}{error text}{help text}

\ClassWarning{class name}{warning text}

\PackageWarning{package name}{warning text}

\ClassWarningNoLine{class name}{warning text}

\PackageWarningNoLine{package name}{warning text}

\ClassInfo{class name}{info text}

\PackageInfo{package name}{info text}

\ClassInfoNoLine{class name}{info text}

\PackageInfoNoLine{package name}{info text}

Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.

For \ClassError and \PackageError the message is error text, followed by

X’s ? error prompt. If the user then asks for help by typing h, they see the

help text.

The four warning commands are similar except that they write warning text

on the screen with no error prompt. The four info commands write info text

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