PDF1.2参考手册：1996年版

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"Portable Document Format Reference Manual Version 1.2 - 提供了早期PDF标准的详细技术信息，包括格式规范和使用指南。" Portable Document Format (PDF) 是一个由Adobe Systems开发的文件格式，用于呈现文档，包括文本格式化和图像，以一种独立于应用程序、硬件和操作系统的方式。Version 1.2是PDF格式的一个早期版本，发布于1996年11月12日。此参考手册包含了关于这个版本的所有技术细节和规范。在PDF 1.2版本中，主要知识点包括： 1. **文件结构**：PDF文件由多个部分组成，包括文件头、文件体、交叉引用表和尾部。这些部分协同工作，确保文档的完整性和可解析性。 2. **对象模型**：PDF文档基于对象模型，其中包含各种类型的对象，如字典（Dictionary）、数组（Array）、字符串（String）、命名（Name）和流（Stream）。这些对象可以嵌套，形成复杂的数据结构。 3. **页面描述**：每个PDF页面是一个独立的对象，包含其内容和属性，如尺寸、旋转和媒体盒。页面内容通常以PostScript-like语言描述，包括图形绘制、文本放置和图像插入。 4. **字体支持**：PDF 1.2支持多种字体类型，包括TrueType、Type 1、CID-keyed 字体以及嵌入式和不嵌入式的字体方案。这使得文档在不同系统上保持一致的显示。 5. **图像处理**：PDF支持多种图像格式，如JPEG和PNG，允许在文档中嵌入高质量的图像。图像可以通过色彩空间定义，包括RGB、CMYK和灰度。 6. **链接和交互性**：PDF 1.2引入了超链接功能，允许在文档内部或外部创建点击跳转。此外，还包括书签、动作和表单交互，增强了用户体验。 7. **压缩和优化**：PDF文件可以使用多种压缩算法进行压缩，如Flate、LZW和JPEG，以减小文件大小。同时，文件的优化工具能够删除不必要的数据，进一步减少存储需求。 8. **安全性**：PDF 1.2提供了基本的安全特性，如权限管理（Permissions）、加密，允许用户限制打印、复制和编辑文档，保护知识产权。 9. **注释和批注**：用户可以在PDF文档上添加各种注释，如高亮、下划线、文本框、箭头和自由形状，增强了协作和审查功能。 10. **预览和渲染**：PDF 1.2规定了如何正确地预览和渲染文档，确保跨平台的一致显示。这包括颜色管理、透明度和混合模式的支持。 PDF 1.2是PDF格式发展中的一个重要里程碑，奠定了现代PDF的基础。虽然现在有更高级的版本，但1.2版的规范仍然对理解PDF的工作原理和历史有着重要的价值。对于开发者、排版人员和电子文档爱好者来说，这份参考手册是一个宝贵的资源。

: November 12, 1996

16 Adobe Systems Inc.

Example 7.2 Example of a spot function 190

Example 7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ExtGStates 192

Example 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halftone

with spot-function dictionary 200

Example 7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halftone

dictionary for type 5 200

Example 7.6 Bitmap pattern 205

Example 7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Star

pattern 206

Example 8.1 In-line image 240

Example 9.1 Outline of a linearized PDF ﬁle 249

Example 11.1 Changing the text matrix inside a text object 279

Example 11.2 Multiple lines of text without automatic leading 280

Example 11.3 Multiple lines of text using automatic leading 280

Example 11.4

operator without automatic leading 281

Example 11.5 Use of the

operator 281

Example 11.6 Using the

operator to set leading 281

Example 11.7 Using the

operator to set leading 282

Example 11.8 Character and word spacing using the

and

operators 282

Example 11.9 Character and word spacing using the

operator 283

Example 11.1 Restoring clipping path after using text as clipping path 285

Example 12.1 Each path segment as a separate path 288

Example 12.2 Grouping path segments into a single path 288

Example 12.3 Using redundant

and

operators to close a path inefﬁciently 288

Example 12.4 Using the

operator to close a path inefﬁciently 289

Example 12.5 Taking advantage of the

operator to close a path 289

Example 12.6 Improperly closing a path: multiple path closing operators 289

Example 12.7 Properly closing a path: single path closing operator 290

Example 12.8 Portion of a path before coalescing operations 291

Example 12.9 Portion of a path after coalescing operations 291

Example 14.1 Clipping to a path 302

Example 14.2 Using text as a clipping path 304

Example 14.3 Images and image masks 306

Example 14.4 Using images as blends 309

Example 14.5 Image used to produce a grayscale square blend 312

Example A.1 Minimal PDF ﬁle 316

Example A.2 PDF ﬁle for simple text example 317

Example A.3 PDF ﬁle for simple graphics example 319

Example A.4 Pages tree for a document containing 62 pages 321

Example A.5 Six entry outline, all items open 324

Example A.6 Six entry outline, ﬁve entries open 326

Example A.7 Update section of PDF ﬁle when four text annotations are added 328

Example A.8 Update section of PDF ﬁle when one text annotation is modiﬁed 330

Example A.9 Update section of PDF ﬁle when two text annotations are deleted 331

Example A.10 Update section of PDF ﬁle after three text annotations are added 332

PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 1: Introduction

CHAPTER

Introduction

This book describes the Portable Document Format (PDF), the native ﬁle format of

the Adobe

Acrobat

family of products. The goal of these products is to enable

users to easily and reliably exchange and view electronic documents independent

of the environment in which they were created. PDF relies on the imaging model

of the PostScript

language to describe text and graphics in a device- and

resolution-independent manner. To improve performance for interactive viewing,

PDF deﬁnes a more structured format than that used by most PostScript language

programs. PDF also includes objects, such as annotations and hypertext links, that

are not part of the page itself but are useful for interactive viewing.

PDF ﬁles are built from a sequence of numbered objects similar to those used in

the PostScript language. The text, graphics, and images that make up the contents

of a page are represented using operators that are based on those in the PostScript

language and that closely follow the Adobe Illustrator

3.0 page description

operators.

A PDF ﬁle is not a PostScript language program and cannot be directly interpreted

by a PostScript interpreter. However, the page descriptions in a PDF ﬁle can be

converted into a PostScript language program.

1.1 About this book

This book provides a description of the PDF ﬁle format, as well as suggestions for

producing efﬁcient PDF ﬁles. It is intended primarily for application developers

who wish to produce PDF ﬁles directly. This book also contains enough

information to allow developers to write applications that read and modify PDF

ﬁles. While PDF is independent of any particular application, occasionally PDF

features are best explained by the actions a particular application takes when it

encounters that feature in a ﬁle. Similarly, A

ppendix D discusses some

implementation limits in the Acrobat viewer applications, even though these limits

are not part of the ﬁle format itself.

This book consists of two sections. The ﬁrst section describes the ﬁle format and

the second lists techniques for producing efﬁcient PDF ﬁles. In addition,

appendices provide example ﬁles, detailed descriptions of several predeﬁned font

encodings, and a summary of PDF page marking operators.

1: Introduction November 12, 1996

20 Adobe Systems Inc.

Readers are assumed to have some knowledge of the PostScript language, as

described in the

PostScript Language Reference Manual, Second Edition

[1]

. In

addition, some understanding of fonts, as described in the

Adobe Type 1 Font

Format

[6]

is useful.

The ﬁrst section of this book, Portable Document Format, includes Chapters 2

through 7 and describes the PDF ﬁle format.

Cha

pter 2 describes the motivation for creating the PDF ﬁle format and provides

an overview of its architecture. PDF is compared to the PostScript language.

Chapter 3 discusses the coordinate systems and transformations used in PDF ﬁles.

Because the coordinate systems used in PDF are very much like those used in the

PostScript language, users with substantial background in the PostScript language

may wish to read this chapter only as a review.

Cha

pter 4 describes the types of objects used to construct documents in PDF ﬁles.

These types are similar to those used in the PostScript language. Readers familiar

with the types of objects present in the PostScript language may wish to read this

chapter quickly as a reminder.

Chapter 5 provides a description of the format of PDF ﬁles, how they are organized

on disk, and the mechanism by which updates can be appended to a PDF ﬁle.

Chapter 6 describes the way that a document is represented in a PDF ﬁle, using the

object types presented in Chapter 4.

Chapter 7 deﬁnes the resources used in a PDF ﬁle, including fonts, color spaces,

images, and others.

Chapter 8 discusses the page marking operators used in PDF ﬁles. These are the

operators that actually make marks on a page. Many are similar to one or more

PostScript language operators. Readers with PostScript language experience will

quickly see the similarities.

The second section of this book, Optimizing PDF Files, includes Chapters 10

through 14 and describes techniques for producing efﬁcient PDF ﬁles. Many of the

techniques presented can also be used in the PostScript language. The techniques

are broken down into four areas: text, graphics, images, and general techniques.

Chapter 10 discusses general optimizations that may be used in a wide variety of

situations in PDF ﬁles.

Chapter 11 discusses optimizations for text.

Chapter 12 discusses graphics optimizations.

Chapter 13 discusses optimizations that may be used on sampled images.

Finally, Chapter 14 contains techniques for using clipping paths to restrict the

region in which drawing occurs and a technique using images to make efﬁcient

blends.

November 12, 1996

1: Introduction 21

1.2 Introduction to the Second Edition—PDF 1.1

The second edition of this manual is a revision of the 1993 edition of

Portable

Document Format Reference Manual

. It describes version 1.1 of the Portable

Document Format.

The PDF speciﬁcation is independent of any particular implementation of a PDF

generator or consumer. To provide guidance to implementors, however,

Implementation Notes

that accompany the speciﬁcation and A

ppendix G describe

the behavior of Acrobat viewers (versions 1.0, 2.0, and 2.1) when they encounter

the changes documented herein.

Implementation note PDF 1.1 is the native ﬁle format of the Adobe Acrobat 2.0 family of products.

The PDF 1.1 speciﬁcation, like the PDF 1.0 speciﬁcation, deﬁnes a minimum

interchange level of functionality. The Portable Document Format is an extensible

format, which means that PDF ﬁles may contain objects not deﬁned by this

speciﬁcation.

Consumers

, applications that read PDF ﬁles and interpret their

contents, are expected to implement correctly the semantics of objects that are

speciﬁed by PDF 1.1 and, as gracefully as possible, to ignore any objects that they

do not understand. A

ppendix G provides guidance on how a consumer should

handle objects it does not understand.

Implementation note Some Acrobat 2.0 and subsequent products provide an interface that supports

plug-ins. These plug-ins can use and/or put private data objects within a PDF ﬁle.

Appendix G indicates the kinds of private data that can be used and Appendix F

deﬁnes a registry for this data. The registry can be used to avoid conﬂicts in

identifying data from independent plug-ins.

New features introduced in PDF 1.1 include the following:

• The ability to protect a document with a password and to restrict operations on a

document.

• The ability to tie blocks of text together into “articles,” making reading easier.

• The generalization of link and bookmark destinations to “actions,” which

include links to other PDF ﬁles and foreign ﬁles.

• The ability to deﬁne new annotation types and to provide additional attributes

for existing types.

• The ability to specify default settings and actions when a document is opened.

• Device-independent color.

• An ID included in ﬁles to make it easier to verify that a ﬁle is the correct ﬁle,

even under circumstances where the ﬁle’s name is incorrect (such as ﬁles on

some networks).

• A binary option that allows ﬁles to be smaller.

• A new date format that allows programmatic comparison of dates.

1: Introduction November 12, 1996

22 Adobe Systems Inc.

• The ability to provide additional document information.

Note In PDF 1.1, dictionary key names are often one or two letters in order to conserve

space in ﬁles. When these keys are described below, they are followed in

parentheses by a more descriptive string. However, only the actual one- or two-

letter name may be used in a PDF ﬁle.

1.3 Introduction to the Third Edition—PDF 1.2

This document is a revision of the March 1, 1996, edition of

Portable Document

Format Reference Manual

. It describes version 1.2 of the Portable Document

Format.

Implementation note PDF 1.2 is the native ﬁle format of the Adobe Acrobat 3.0 family of products.

New features introduced in PDF 1.2 include the following:

• Interactive elements with state, such as radio buttons and checkboxes.

• Support for playing movies (from external ﬁles) and sounds (either embedded

in the PDF ﬁle or from external ﬁles).

• Interactive, ﬁll-in forms, with PDF-based format for data that can be imported,

exported, transmitted, and received from the Web.

• Support for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese text.

• Enhanced borders, highlights, and fully general appearances for annotations.

• Support for responding to mouse-events.

• Essentially unlimited number of hypertext links.

• Support for OPI (Open Prepress Interface).

• Advanced color features, such as halftone screens, transfer functions, patterns,

and separation color spaces.

Note PDF is an evolving language, and new editions of this manual will be offered on

an ongoing basis to document the changes. The most recent version will be

available on the Adobe’s Web site.

While many readers will use a printed copy of this manual, others will refer to it

online. With that in mind, many changes have been made to the formatting, such as

the choice and size of fonts, to make on-screen reading somewhat easier.

1.4 Conventions used in this book

Text styles are used to identify various operators, keywords, terms, and objects.

Five formatting styles are used in this book:

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