Eur. Phys. J. C (2020) 80:327
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7901-2
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Improving the Drell–Yan probe of small x partons at the LHC via
an azimuthal angle cut
M. Kendi Yamasaki
a
, Emmanuel G. de Oliveira
b
Departamento de Física, CFM, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC CEP 88.040-900, Brazil
Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 April 2020
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Predictions for Drell–Yan lepton pair production
at low dilepton mass and small x at the LHC usually have a
large scale dependence. This can be decreased by determin-
ing an optimal factorization scale. In this paper, we reduce
this scale by imposing a cutoff in azimuthal angle between
the transverse momentum of the leptons, properly taking into
account Sudakov effects. This allows one to probe the parton
distributions at smaller scales eliminating most of the current
theoretical uncertainty.
1 Introduction
The Drell–Yan process is one of the standard channels for
determining the parton distribution functions (PDFs), spe-
cially the sea quark ones. At the CMS experiment, for
instance, the production of the pairs of muons is measured
with a wide range of dilepton invariant mass, 15 < M <
3000 GeV at
√
s = 13 TeV [1]. The results are integrated
in dilepton rapidity and show good agreement with next-to-
next-to-leading order Drell–Yan predictions. For a similar
result from ATLAS, see Ref. [2].
It is possible to calculate the Drell–Yan (DY) cross section
through a factorized scheme: as a convolution of the parton
distributions (one for each involved proton) with the matrix
element using a factorization scale, μ
F
. Schematically, we
have
σ =
d x
A
d x
B
PDF(x
A
,μ
F
)
×|M(μ
F
)|
2
× PDF(x
B
,μ
F
), (1)
where the matrix element, M(μ
F
), is calculated in a pertur-
bative manner. The convolution is in x space, i.e., the longitu-
dinal momentum fraction carried by the partons. At leading
a
e-mail: yamasakikendi@gmail.com
b
e-mail: emmanuel.de.oliveira@ufsc.br (corresponding author)
order (LO), there is a big scale dependence, whereas, at next-
to-leading order (NLO), there is a smaller dependence and so
on for higher orders until that, if we consider all perturbative
terms, the result would be independent of scale, assuming it
is a convergent series. The conventional choice for the fac-
torization scale is M for the DY process.
It is known that at small x NLO theoretical predictions
there is a large factorization scale dependence, usually quan-
tified by allowing for μ
F
= M/2, 2M. This is due to the fact
that a variation of factorization scale will change the parton
distributions. If the whole perturbative series were present,
the matrix element would cancel this change. However, when
truncated at NLO, the matrix element contains only one par-
ton emission (see, e.g., Fig. 1), while the parton distributions
can emit many partons (average of 8 at small x and for the
LHC energies, as estimated in Ref. [3]) when they are evolved
in μ
F
. This uncertainty limits the precision in which the par-
ton distributions can be probed by the Drell–Yan process.
However, there is a procedure [3] to set an optimal scale,
which reduces the uncertainty due to the factorization scale.
The main idea is, in the limit of small x, to include part
of the NLO contribution already at the LO by changing the
parton distribution factorization scale at LO. It was applied
first for the DY process, but it has been also applied to other
processes, like c ¯c and b
¯
b production [4] and J /ψ production
[5].
Given that at large scales the parton distributions are more
or less understood, it would be desirable to lower the opti-
mal scale. With this goal, in Ref. [6], a dilepton (or, equiv-
alently, photon) upper transverse momentum (k
t
) cutoff was
imposed, therefore making the NLO contribution smaller
and then requiring a smaller optimal scale. In this way, one
has information as regards the PDFs at smaller scales, i.e.,
smaller than the scales that can currently be measured due
to experimental limitations. In this paper, we continue that
work by imposing a cut in the azimuthal angle between the
transverse momentum of the leptons (instead of a photon k
t
0123456789().: V,-vol
123