光纤开启超宽带时代：历史、技术与未来趋势

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本文是一篇邀请论文，深入探讨了光纤在超宽带接入中的关键角色，以及它如何引领我们进入一个带宽超过1 Gb/s的普及时代。作者弗兰克·埃芬贝格，来自华为技术有限公司，从早期光纤接入的历史出发，强调了一些持久的设计选择和光纤接入的标志性特性。文章回顾了光纤接入技术的发展，包括不同类型的被动光网络（Passive Optical Networks, PON）技术的进步，如EPON、GPON、XG-PON等，它们在满足高效、成本效益高和全球可达性的需求上起到了重要作用。在早期，光纤技术的低损耗特性使得其成为宽带接入的理想选择。设计者们在选择光纤类型、光纤布线标准、以及光分路器等组件时，注重了信号传输的稳定性和衰减控制。例如，多模光纤(MMF)因其成本效益和易部署性而广泛使用，而单模光纤(SMF)则因更低的色散和更高的数据传输速率被应用于高端应用。 PON技术的发展历程见证了光纤接入技术的不断演进。EPON（Enhanced Passive Optical Network）最早期的标准是IEEE 802.3ah，提供大约1 Gbps的下行速率和1.25 Gbps的上行速率，而后随着技术进步，GPON（Gigabit Passive Optical Network）升级到了10 Gbps的上下行速率，进一步提升了带宽能力。XG-PON（Xenpak, XGS-PON, or XGigabit Passive Optical Network）则迈向了更高层次，提供了10 Gbps和25 Gbps的双向速率，支持更广泛的未来应用。本文还对光纤在接入网的未来趋势进行了前瞻性分析。随着5G和物联网(IoT)的快速发展，对带宽的需求将持续增长，对光纤的容量、灵活性和能效提出了新的挑战。未来的光纤接入可能需要更多的标准化和集成化，以适应云计算、大数据和虚拟现实等新兴技术的需求。同时，新型材料和技术的研发，如硅光子学，可能会推动光纤性能的进一步提升。这篇论文为读者揭示了光纤在超宽带接入中的核心地位，不仅回顾了历史上的重大突破，还展望了光纤技术如何在满足不断增长的宽带需求中持续创新和发展。对于任何关注光纤通信和接入网发展的专业人士来说，这是一篇不可或缺的参考资料。

Ultra-broadband access enabled by fiber optics

(Invited Paper)

Frank Effenberger

Futurewei Technologies, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA (frank.effenberger@huawei.com)

Received November 6, 2016; accepted November 23, 2016; posted online December 9, 2016

The advent of low loss optical fiber has consistently led us to the ultra-broadband era, where bandwidths exceed-

ing 1 Gb/s are commonplace. This Review reviews the early history of fiber access, pointing out some of the

lasting design choices and signature features of fiber access. The progress of the various passive optical network

technologies is also reviewed, and some views regarding the future trends of fiber in the access.

OCIS codes: 060.2330, 060.4263.

doi: 10.3788/COL201614.120005.

Broadband access services are increasingly important for

everyday life. Nearly every existing activity has been im-

proved by networking to some extent, and new goods and

services that are enabled by broadband networking

emerge every day. Therefore, it is key that technology pro-

vide an efficient, cost effective, and universally available

access to the worldwide network.

While there are many media that can play a role, single

mode optical fiber stands alone as the ultimate solution to

the broadband access problem. Fiber combines high band-

width (≫1Tb∕s) with low loss (≪1dB∕km), and given

the present optoelectronic technology fiber to the home

(FTTH) can easily provide access to >10 Gb∕s over a dis-

tance of >20 km. Such capa bilities certainly meet the long

term needs of the human users of the network. While

machine to machine communication could grow to higher

levels, it is also true that machines do not need to be

located at people’s homes. Therefore, it is safe to assume

that single mode fiber will be the end-state of the fixed

access network.

This Review will review the early history of FTTH net-

works to highlight some of the key choices that were made;

choices that we continue to live with today. It will also

briefly review the evolution of mainstream passive optical

network (PON) technologies. Lastly, it will mention some

new techniques that are the focus of future research.

As soon as low loss fiber was developed, the telephone

network operators began to consider how to deploy this in

their access networks. Of course, fiber was a natural fit for

long-haul, metro, and even access feeder networks; and it

quickly took a leading role there. However, in access it

faced the combined challenges of relatively high costs

and low revenues. The average tariff rates from residential

access are quite low, and they tend to be fixed (not depen-

dent on traffic volume). Meanwhile, the cost of opto-

electronics, the fiber itself, and their installation were

all high compared to the legacy media. So, various

architectures were considered, as shown in Fig.

The first was the simple replacement of the home run

copper wires with fibers. This passive single star topology

is simple and future-proof (since every customer has their

own fiber), but it is very expensive. The amount of fiber is

very high, and each home requires two transceivers (one

on either end). For that reason, home run fiber has never

been widely deployed.

The second architecture considered using an access

multiplexer or remote terminal (RT) out in the field.

This active double star topology is similar to the digital

loop carrier systems that were in use for telephone service.

This system helps by reducing the amount of fiber being

used, since it multiplexes the signals on fewer fibers.

Unfortunately, it does nothing to help the amount of opto-

electronic transceivers, and ever worse it requires power

supplies in the remote location. Thus, this architecture

has seen relatively small use in practical networks.

The third architecture uses passive optical splitters to

perform the multiplexing at the remote node. This passive

double star topology achieve s the reduction of fiber of

the active double star, and what’s more it reduces the

optoelectronics to approximately one per user

[1]

. Since the

splitter is simply a directional coupler, it does not r equire

electrical power. For these many benefits, the PON archi-

tecture has been the favored approach in over 90% of all

FTTH networks today, and PON has become synonym ous

with optical access all over the world.

Fig. 1. Three optical access architectures.

COL 14(12), 120005(2016) CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS December 10, 2016

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