Theoretical Computer Science 623 (2016) 75–82
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Theoretical Computer Science
www.elsevier.com/locate/tcs
Lower bounds on the size of semi-quantum finite automata
✩
Lvzhou Li
∗
, Daowen Qiu
Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
11 February 2015
Received
in revised form 21 August 2015
Accepted
29 September 2015
Available
online 21 October 2015
Communicated
by M. Hirvensalo
Keywords:
Quantum
finite automata
Semi-quantum
finite automata
Descriptional
complexity
In the literature, there exist several interesting hybrid models of finite automata which
have both quantum and classical states. We call them semi-quantum finite automata. In
this paper, we compare the descriptional power of these models and DFA. Specifically, we
present a uniform method that gives a lower bound on the size of the three existing main
models of semi-quantum finite automata, and this bound shows that semi-quantum finite
automata can be at most exponentially more concise than DFA. Compared with a recent
work [4], our method has the following two advantages: (i) it is much more concise; and
(ii) it is universal, since it is applicable to the three existing main models of semi-quantum
finite automata, instead of only one specific model.
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Quantum finite automata (QFA), as theoretical models for quantum computers with finite memory, have been explored
by many researchers. So far, a variety of models of QFA have been introduced and explored to various degrees (one can
refer to a review article [14] and the references therein). Among these QFA, there is a class of QFA that differ from others
by consisting of two interactive components: a quantum component and a classical one. We call them semi-quantum finite
automata in this paper. Examples of semi-quantum finite automata are one-way QFA with control language (CL-1QFA) [2], one-
way
QFA together with classical states (1QFAC) [13], and one-way finite automata with quantum and classical states (1QCFA) [15].
Here “one-way” means that the automaton’s tape head is required to move right on scanning each tape cell.
These
semi-quantum finite automata have been proved to not only recognize all regular languages, but also show supe-
riority
over DFA with respect to descriptional power. For example, 1QCFA, CL-1QFA and 1QFAC were all shown to be much
smaller than DFA in accepting some languages (solving some promise problems) [5,10,13,16]. In addition, a lower bound on
the size of 1QFAC was given in [13], which stated that 1QFAC can be at most exponentially more concise than DFA, and
the bound was shown to be tight by giving some languages witnessing this exponential gap. Size lower bounds were also
reported for CL-1QFA in [4] and for 1QCFA in [3] (no detailed proof was given in [3] for the bound of 1QCFA), but they were
not proved to be tight.
Specially,
one can see that complex technical treatments were used in [4] to derive the bound for CL-1QFA and one may
find that some key steps in [4] were confused such that the proof there may have some flaws, which will be explained
more clearly in Section 4. It is also worth mentioning that the method used in [4] is tailored for CL-1QFA and is not easy to
adopt to other models.
✩
This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61472452, 61272058, 61572532) and the National Natural
Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2014A030313157).
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail
addresses: lilvzh@mail.sysu.edu.cn (L. Li), issqdw@mail.sysu.edu.cn (D. Qiu).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.09.031
0304-3975/
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.