精通Linux程序员工具箱：提升效率与效果

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"The Linux Programmer’s Toolbox" 是一本旨在帮助程序员充分利用GNU/Linux系统中的开源工具提升效率和效果的书籍。作者John Fusco通过简洁的例子介绍了各种常用工具，并讲解了如何下载、构建和安装开源项目。书中还涉及了如何判断一个开源项目是否成熟，以及如何构建自己的项目。本书首先教授读者如何掌握基础的下载、构建和安装开源项目的技能。接着，它揭示了开源工具的分发机制，教读者识别和避免不成熟的项目。在文本编辑器方面，Fusco讨论了选择和使用文本编辑器的关键点，可能还会展示一些你未曾发现的编辑器技巧。深入Linux内核是书中的一个重要部分。通过简单的例子，Fusco解释了Linux内核与软件交互的基本原理，并演示如何使用sar、vmstat、valgrind、strace等高级工具分析输出信息，以优化你的应用程序。此外，他还将介绍如何利用编程API开发自己的工具，以及编写能够自我监控的代码。在性能优化方面，Fusco探讨了现代多核CPU的工作原理，提供了充分利用这些系统性能的策略。最后，书中列出了各种调试工具和技术，教你如何在任何情况下调试代码。这本书是Prentice Hall Open Source Software Development Series的一部分，该系列旨在让读者了解并学习开源技术的最佳实践。通过实际应用中的代码示例，读者可以学习到全球开源开发者的经验和技巧。系列中还包括其他书籍，如 "Linux® Debugging and Performance Tuning: Tips and Techniques"，专注于Linux调试和性能调优的实战技巧。总结起来，《The Linux Programmer’s Toolbox》是一本全面介绍Linux工具和实践的指南，对于想要提升在Linux环境下编程效率和能力的开发者来说，是一份宝贵的资源。通过阅读此书，读者将能够更好地理解开源生态系统，提升自己的技术水平，同时掌握提高软件性能和调试能力的关键工具。

9.4 Multiprocessor Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

9.4.1 Types of SMP Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

9.4.2 Programming on an SMP Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

9.5.1 Performance Issues in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

9.5.2 Terms Introduced in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

9.5.3 Tools Used in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

9.5.4 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

9.5.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Chapter 10 Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

10.2 The Most Basic Debugging Tool: printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

10.2.1 Problems with Using printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

10.2.2 Using printf Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

10.2.3 Some Final Words on printf Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

10.3 Getting Comfortable with the GNU Debugger: gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

10.3.1 Running Your Code with gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

10.3.2 Stopping and Restarting Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

10.3.3 Inspecting and Manipulating Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

10.3.4 Attaching to a Running Process with gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

10.3.5 Debugging Core Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

10.3.6 Debugging Multithreaded Programs with gdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

10.3.7 Debugging Optimized Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

10.4 Debugging Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

10.4.1 When and Why to Use Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

10.4.2 Creating Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

10.4.3 Locating Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

10.4.4 Overriding the Default Shared Object Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

10.4.5 Security Issues with Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

10.4.6 Tools for Working with Shared Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

10.5 Looking for Memory Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

10.5.1 Double Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

10.5.2 Memory Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

10.5.3 Buffer Overflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

10.5.4 glibc Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

10.5.5 Using Valgrind to Debug Memory Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

10.5.6 Looking for Overflows with Electric Fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Contents xv

xix

Preface

Linux has no shortage of tools. Many are inherited from Unix, with cryptic two-

letter names that conjure up images of developers trying to preserve space on a

punch card. Happily, those days are long gone, but the legacy remains.

Many of those old tools are still quite useful. Most are highly specialized. Each

may do only one thing but does it very well. Highly specialized tools often have

many options that can make them intimidating to use. Consider the first time you

used

grep and learned what a regular expression was. Perhaps you haven’t mastered

regular expression syntax yet (don’t worry; no one else has, either). That’s not

important, because you don’t need to be a master of regular expressions to put

grep to good use.

If there’s one thing that I hope you learn from this book, it’s that there are many

tools out there that you can use without having to master them. You don’t need to

invest an enormous amount of time reading manuals before you can be productive.

I hope you will discover new tools that you may not have been familiar with. Some

of the tools this book looks at are quite old and some are new. All of them are use-

ful. As you learn more about each tool, you will find more uses for it.

I use the term tool loosely in this book. To me, creating tools is as important as

using tools, so I have included various APIs that are not usually covered in much

detail in other books. In addition, this book provides some background on the

internal workings of the Linux kernel that are necessary to understand what some

tools are trying to tell you. I present a unique perspective on the kernel: the user’s

point of view. You will find enough information to allow you to understand the

ground rules that the kernel sets for every process, and I promise you will not have

to read a single line of kernel source code.

What you will not find in this book is reconstituted man pages or other docu-

mentation stitched into the text. The GNU and Linux developers have done a great

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