Distribution A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Public Release Case No 2015-0267
Table of Contents
1.0 The Promise of Autonomy in Air Force Operations .................................................. 1
1.1 Air ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Space ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Cyber ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Command, Control and ISR ................................................................................... 2
1.5 Readiness and Sustainment .................................................................................. 3
2.0 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Automation .............................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Autonomy ................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Remotely Controlled Vehicles ............................................................................... 4
3.0 Challenges for Use of Autonomous Systems ........................................................... 4
3.1 System Capabilities ............................................................................................... 5
3.2 Situation Awareness and Out-of-the Loop Performance Problems .................. 6
3.3 Optimal Workload Levels ....................................................................................... 7
3.4 Integrating Human & Autonomy Decision Making .............................................. 7
3.5 Informed, Situational Trust in Autonomy ............................................................. 8
4.0 Towards Symbiotic Human-Autonomy Systems ...................................................... 9
4.1 Flexible Autonomy ................................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 Levels of Autonomy ............................................................................................ 9
4.1.2 Dynamic Autonomy Selection ........................................................................... 11
4.1.3 Limitations on Autonomy for Weapons Systems .............................................. 12
4.1.4 Human–Autonomy Interaction .......................................................................... 13
4.2 Building Shared Situation Awareness to Support Airman-Autonomy Teams .. 14
4.2.1 Human-Interaction Guidelines .......................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Shared Situation Awareness ............................................................................ 15
4.2.3 Supporting Unmanned Operations ................................................................... 18
4.2.4 Trustworthy Autonomy ..................................................................................... 19
5.0 Challenges for the Development of Autonomous Systems .................................... 20
5.1 Situation Models for Autonomy .......................................................................... 21
5.2 Learning Systems ................................................................................................. 22
5.3 Verification & Validation ...................................................................................... 23
5.4 Cyber ..................................................................................................................... 23
6.0 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 24
7.0 References .................................................................................................................. 24