CUDA编程:GPU并行计算开发者指南

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"CUDA Programming: A Developer's Guide to Parallel Computing with GPUs" CUDA(Compute Unified Device Architecture)是由图形处理单元(GPU)制造商NVIDIA推出的一种计算平台,它旨在为GPU提供解决复杂计算问题的能力。CUDA架构设计的核心是统一的计算设备模型,这允许GPU不仅用于图形渲染,还用于广泛的科学计算和数据处理任务。CUDA引入了一种新的指令集架构(ISA)和GPU内部的并行计算引擎,使得程序员可以通过C语言(CUDA 3.0以后还支持C++和FORTRAN)来编写针对GPU的高效代码。 CUDA编程的关键概念包括: 1. **CUDA线程层次结构**:CUDA线程组织成多级结构,包括线程块(Thread Blocks)、网格(Grids)和线程(Threads)。这种层次结构允许大规模并行执行,并且可以方便地映射到GPU的硬件资源。 2. **全局内存和局部内存**:CUDA程序中的变量可以存储在全球内存、共享内存、寄存器或常量内存中。全局内存对所有线程可见,但访问速度较慢;共享内存位于线程块级别,可实现快速通信;寄存器是最快的,但数量有限;常量内存用于存储不变数据。 3. **CUDA核函数(Kernel Functions)**:核函数是运行在GPU上的并行函数,可以被多个线程同时执行。程序员通过指定每个线程块内的线程数量和整个网格中的线程块数量来控制并行度。 4. **同步与通信**:CUDA提供了同步机制,如`__syncthreads()`,确保线程块内的线程同步执行。线程间通信主要通过全局内存,对于更高效的通信,可以使用共享内存和原子操作。 5. **流(Streams)与事件(Events)**:CUDA流允许并发执行不同的计算任务,提高GPU利用率。事件用于度量和同步不同操作的时间。 6. **错误处理**:CUDA编程需要处理各种运行时错误,如内存分配失败、计算错误等。通过检查返回的错误代码,开发者可以诊断和修复问题。 7. **CUDA C++拓展**:CUDA 3.0之后,C++支持增强了CUDA编程,包括类、模板和C++11特性,使得代码更易于维护和扩展。 8. **性能优化**:理解GPU的架构和内存层次,以及有效利用并行度,是实现高性能CUDA程序的关键。这可能涉及调整线程配置、优化内存访问模式、减少全局内存冲突等。 本书《CUDA Programming: A Developer's Guide to Parallel Computing with GPUs》由Shane Cook撰写,详细介绍了CUDA编程的基础和高级技术,帮助开发者掌握如何利用GPU进行高效并行计算。书中涵盖了许多实际示例和最佳实践,是学习CUDA编程的宝贵资源。
2014-09-09 上传
CUDA programming: a developer's guide to parallel computing with GPUs. by Shane Cook. Over the past five years there has been a revolution in computing brought about by a company that for successive years has emerged as one of the premier gaming hardware manufacturersdNVIDIA. With the introduction of the CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) programming language, for the first time these hugely powerful graphics coprocessors could be used by everyday C programmers to offload computationally expensive work. From the embedded device industry, to home users, to supercomputers, everything has changed as a result of this. One of the major changes in the computer software industry has been the move from serial programming to parallel programming. Here, CUDA has produced great advances. The graphics processor unit (GPU) by its very nature is designed for high-speed graphics, which are inherently parallel. CUDA takes a simple model of data parallelism and incorporates it into a programming model without the need for graphics primitives. In fact, CUDA, unlike its predecessors, does not require any understanding or knowledge of graphics or graphics primitives. You do not have to be a games programmer either. The CUDA language makes the GPU look just like another programmable device. Throughout this book I will assume readers have no prior knowledge of CUDA, or of parallel programming. I assume they have only an existing knowledge of the C/C++ programming language. As we progress and you become more competent with CUDA, we’ll cover more advanced topics, taking you from a parallel unaware programmer to one who can exploit the full potential of CUDA. For programmers already familiar with parallel programming concepts and CUDA, we’ll be discussing in detail the architecture of the GPUs and how to get the most from each, including the latest Fermi and Kepler hardware. Literally anyone who can program in C or C++ can program with CUDA in a few hours given a little training. Getting from novice CUDA programmer, with a several times speedup to 10 times–plus speedup is what you should be capable of by the end of this book. The book is very much aimed at learning CUDA, but with a focus on performance, having first achieved correctness. Your level of skill and understanding of writing high-performance code, especially for GPUs, will hugely benefit from this text. This book is a practical guide to using CUDA in real applications, by real practitioners. At the same time, however, we cover the necessary theory and background so everyone, no matter what their background, can follow along and learn how to program in CUDA, making this book ideal for both professionals and those studying GPUs or parallel programming.