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Oracle 11g Release 2 Database Administrator's Guide要点解析
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更新于2024-06-25
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"Oracle Database Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2)-1082"
本文档是Oracle数据库11g Release 2的管理员指南,旨在为数据库管理员提供详细的指导,帮助他们有效地管理和维护Oracle数据库系统。Oracle数据库是全球广泛使用的大型企业级数据库管理系统,提供高效、安全且可扩展的数据存储解决方案。
1. **数据库安装与配置**:
在11g Release 2中,安装过程包括选择合适的安装选项,如企业版或标准版,以及配置数据库实例。管理员需要理解不同的安装类型和配置参数,以满足组织的具体需求。
2. **数据存储与管理**:
Oracle数据库11g支持多种数据存储结构,如表空间、数据文件和控制文件。管理员需要学习如何创建、扩展和管理这些组件,确保数据的高效存储和访问。
3. **性能优化**:
11g版本引入了高级性能监控工具,如Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) 和SQL Tuning Advisor。管理员需掌握如何分析性能报告,调整SQL语句和数据库参数,以提高系统响应时间和吞吐量。
4. **安全性**:
Oracle数据库提供了强大的安全性特性,包括角色权限管理、网络加密、审计和数据加密等。管理员需要了解如何设置安全策略,保护敏感信息免受未经授权的访问。
5. **备份与恢复**:
确保数据的可靠性和可用性是数据库管理员的重要职责。Oracle的RMAN(Recovery Manager)工具提供了全面的备份和恢复策略。管理员应学习如何规划备份计划,执行完整备份、增量备份,并在数据丢失时进行有效的恢复操作。
6. **高可用性与故障恢复**:
Oracle数据库11g支持Real Application Clusters (RAC) 和Data Guard,提供了高可用性和灾难恢复解决方案。管理员需要理解RAC的集群原理,以及如何配置和管理Data Guard以实现数据库的冗余和故障切换。
7. **数据库监控与维护**:
使用Oracle Enterprise Manager等工具,管理员可以监控数据库的运行状态,定期执行维护任务,如空间清理、索引重建和统计信息更新,以保持数据库的健康运行。
8. **资源管理与调度**:
资源管理器(ResourceManager)允许管理员根据业务优先级分配系统资源。了解如何设置资源计划和消费者组,能有效控制并发会话,避免资源争抢。
9. **分区技术**:
Oracle数据库11g支持表分区和索引分区,这有助于提高大规模数据的查询性能和管理效率。管理员应学习如何设计和应用分区策略。
10. **数据迁移与升级**:
对于从旧版本升级到11g Release 2,或者在不同数据库之间迁移数据的情况,管理员需要熟悉数据泵(Data Pump)工具和其他迁移方法,确保数据的完整性和一致性。
以上内容只是Oracle Database Administrator's Guide 11g Release 2的部分知识点,实际文档会更详细地介绍每个主题,包括操作步骤、最佳实践和案例研究,以帮助数据库管理员全面掌握Oracle数据库的管理技巧。
xvi
Deallocating Unused Space ......................................................................................................... 19-28
Dropping Unused Object Storage.................................................................................................... 19-28
Understanding Space Usage of Data Types................................................................................... 19-29
Displaying Information About Space Usage for Schema Objects ............................................ 19-29
Using PL/SQL Packages to Display Information About Schema Object Space Usage...... 19-29
Schema Objects Space Usage Data Dictionary Views.............................................................. 19-30
Capacity Planning for Database Objects ....................................................................................... 19-32
Estimating the Space Use of a Table .......................................................................................... 19-33
Estimating the Space Use of an Index ....................................................................................... 19-33
Obtaining Object Growth Trends .............................................................................................. 19-34
20 Managing Tables
About Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 20-1
Guidelines for Managing Tables ....................................................................................................... 20-2
Design Tables Before Creating Them........................................................................................... 20-2
Specify the Type of Table to Create.............................................................................................. 20-3
Specify the Location of Each Table............................................................................................... 20-4
Consider Parallelizing Table Creation ......................................................................................... 20-4
Consider Using NOLOGGING When Creating Tables ............................................................ 20-4
Consider Using Table Compression............................................................................................. 20-5
Consider Encrypting Columns That Contain Sensitive Data................................................. 20-13
Understand Deferred Segment Creation................................................................................... 20-14
Materializing Segments................................................................................................................ 20-16
Estimate Table Size and Plan Accordingly................................................................................ 20-17
Restrictions to Consider When Creating Tables....................................................................... 20-17
Creating Tables.................................................................................................................................... 20-17
Example: Creating a Table........................................................................................................... 20-18
Creating a Temporary Table........................................................................................................ 20-19
Parallelizing Table Creation ........................................................................................................ 20-20
Loading Tables..................................................................................................................................... 20-21
Methods for Loading Tables........................................................................................................ 20-21
Improving INSERT Performance with Direct-Path INSERT.................................................. 20-22
Using Conventional Inserts to Load Tables .............................................................................. 20-27
Avoiding Bulk INSERT Failures with DML Error Logging ................................................... 20-27
Automatically Collecting Statistics on Tables............................................................................... 20-31
Altering Tables .................................................................................................................................... 20-32
Reasons for Using the ALTER TABLE Statement .................................................................... 20-32
Altering Physical Attributes of a Table...................................................................................... 20-33
Moving a Table to a New Segment or Tablespace ................................................................... 20-33
Manually Allocating Storage for a Table................................................................................... 20-34
Modifying an Existing Column Definition................................................................................ 20-34
Adding Table Columns................................................................................................................ 20-34
Renaming Table Columns............................................................................................................ 20-35
Dropping Table Columns ........................................................................................................... 20-36
Placing a Table in Read-Only Mode........................................................................................... 20-37
Redefining Tables Online ................................................................................................................. 20-38
Features of Online Table Redefinition .......................................................................................
20-39
xvii
Performing Online Redefinition with DBMS_REDEFINITION............................................. 20-40
Results of the Redefinition Process............................................................................................. 20-44
Performing Intermediate Synchronization................................................................................ 20-44
Aborting Online Table Redefinition and Cleaning Up After Errors ..................................... 20-45
Restrictions for Online Redefinition of Tables.......................................................................... 20-45
Online Redefinition of a Single Partition................................................................................... 20-46
Online Table Redefinition Examples.......................................................................................... 20-48
Privileges Required for the DBMS_REDEFINITION Package............................................... 20-54
Researching and Reversing Erroneous Table Changes ............................................................... 20-54
Recovering Tables Using Oracle Flashback Table ....................................................................... 20-55
Dropping Tables.................................................................................................................................. 20-56
Using Flashback Drop and Managing the Recycle Bin ............................................................... 20-56
What Is the Recycle Bin? .............................................................................................................. 20-57
Enabling and Disabling the Recycle Bin.................................................................................... 20-58
Viewing and Querying Objects in the Recycle Bin .................................................................. 20-58
Purging Objects in the Recycle Bin............................................................................................. 20-59
Restoring Tables from the Recycle Bin....................................................................................... 20-60
Managing Index-Organized Tables ................................................................................................ 20-61
What Are Index-Organized Tables?........................................................................................... 20-61
Creating Index-Organized Tables............................................................................................... 20-62
Maintaining Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................ 20-66
Creating Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables....................................................... 20-68
Analyzing Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................... 20-69
Using the ORDER BY Clause with Index-Organized Tables.................................................. 20-70
Converting Index-Organized Tables to Regular Tables.......................................................... 20-70
Managing External Tables................................................................................................................. 20-70
About External Tables .................................................................................................................. 20-71
Creating External Tables.............................................................................................................. 20-72
Altering External Tables............................................................................................................... 20-75
Preprocessing External Tables..................................................................................................... 20-75
Dropping External Tables............................................................................................................ 20-76
System and Object Privileges for External Tables.................................................................... 20-76
Tables Data Dictionary Views ......................................................................................................... 20-77
21 Managing Indexes
About Indexes ........................................................................................................................................ 21-1
Guidelines for Managing Indexes ..................................................................................................... 21-2
Create Indexes After Inserting Table Data .................................................................................. 21-2
Index the Correct Tables and Columns ....................................................................................... 21-3
Order Index Columns for Performance....................................................................................... 21-4
Limit the Number of Indexes for Each Table.............................................................................. 21-4
Drop Indexes That Are No Longer Required ............................................................................ 21-4
Indexes and Deferred Segment Creation..................................................................................... 21-4
Estimate Index Size and Set Storage Parameters........................................................................ 21-4
Specify the Tablespace for Each Index......................................................................................... 21-5
Consider Parallelizing Index Creation......................................................................................... 21-5
Consider Creating Indexes with NOLOGGING ........................................................................ 21-5
xviii
Understand When to Use Unusable or Invisible Indexes ......................................................... 21-6
Consider Costs and Benefits of Coalescing or Rebuilding Indexes......................................... 21-7
Consider Cost Before Disabling or Dropping Constraints........................................................ 21-8
Creating Indexes.................................................................................................................................... 21-8
Creating an Index Explicitly.......................................................................................................... 21-9
Creating a Unique Index Explicitly .............................................................................................. 21-9
Creating an Index Associated with a Constraint........................................................................ 21-9
Creating a Large Index................................................................................................................. 21-11
Creating an Index Online............................................................................................................. 21-11
Creating a Function-Based Index................................................................................................ 21-11
Creating a Key-Compressed Index............................................................................................. 21-12
Creating an Unusable Index........................................................................................................ 21-13
Creating an Invisible Index.......................................................................................................... 21-14
Altering Indexes .................................................................................................................................. 21-15
Altering Storage Characteristics of an Index............................................................................. 21-15
Rebuilding an Existing Index ...................................................................................................... 21-16
Making an Index Unusable.......................................................................................................... 21-17
Making an Index Invisible ........................................................................................................... 21-18
Renaming an Index....................................................................................................................... 21-19
Monitoring Index Usage .............................................................................................................. 21-19
Monitoring Space Use of Indexes .................................................................................................... 21-19
Dropping Indexes................................................................................................................................ 21-20
Indexes Data Dictionary Views........................................................................................................ 21-21
22 Managing Clusters
About Clusters ....................................................................................................................................... 22-1
Guidelines for Managing Clusters .................................................................................................... 22-2
Choose Appropriate Tables for the Cluster ................................................................................ 22-3
Choose Appropriate Columns for the Cluster Key.................................................................... 22-3
Specify the Space Required by an Average Cluster Key and Its Associated Rows .............. 22-3
Specify the Location of Each Cluster and Cluster Index Rows ................................................ 22-4
Estimate Cluster Size and Set Storage Parameters..................................................................... 22-4
Creating Clusters ................................................................................................................................... 22-4
Creating Clustered Tables.............................................................................................................. 22-5
Creating Cluster Indexes................................................................................................................ 22-5
Altering Clusters ................................................................................................................................... 22-6
Altering Clustered Tables .............................................................................................................. 22-6
Altering Cluster Indexes ................................................................................................................ 22-7
Dropping Clusters................................................................................................................................. 22-7
Dropping Clustered Tables............................................................................................................ 22-8
Dropping Cluster Indexes.............................................................................................................. 22-8
Clusters Data Dictionary Views......................................................................................................... 22-8
23 Managing Hash Clusters
About Hash Clusters............................................................................................................................. 23-1
When to Use Hash Clusters................................................................................................................. 23-2
Situations Where Hashing Is Useful............................................................................................. 23-2
xix
Situations Where Hashing Is Not Advantageous ...................................................................... 23-2
Creating Hash Clusters ........................................................................................................................ 23-2
Creating a Sorted Hash Cluster..................................................................................................... 23-3
Creating Single-Table Hash Clusters ........................................................................................... 23-6
Controlling Space Use Within a Hash Cluster............................................................................ 23-6
Estimating Size Required by Hash Clusters................................................................................ 23-8
Altering Hash Clusters......................................................................................................................... 23-9
Dropping Hash Clusters ...................................................................................................................... 23-9
Hash Clusters Data Dictionary Views .............................................................................................. 23-9
24 Managing Views, Sequences, and Synonyms
Managing Views.................................................................................................................................... 24-1
About Views .................................................................................................................................... 24-1
Creating Views ................................................................................................................................ 24-2
Replacing Views.............................................................................................................................. 24-4
Using Views in Queries ................................................................................................................. 24-4
Updating a Join View ..................................................................................................................... 24-6
Altering Views............................................................................................................................... 24-12
Dropping Views ............................................................................................................................ 24-12
Managing Sequences.......................................................................................................................... 24-12
About Sequences ........................................................................................................................... 24-12
Creating Sequences....................................................................................................................... 24-13
Altering Sequences........................................................................................................................ 24-13
Using Sequences............................................................................................................................ 24-14
Dropping Sequences..................................................................................................................... 24-16
Managing Synonyms.......................................................................................................................... 24-17
About Synonyms........................................................................................................................... 24-17
Creating Synonyms....................................................................................................................... 24-17
Using Synonyms in DML Statements ....................................................................................... 24-18
Dropping Synonyms..................................................................................................................... 24-18
Views, Synonyms, and Sequences Data Dictionary Views........................................................ 24-18
25 Repairing Corrupted Data
Options for Repairing Data Block Corruption................................................................................ 25-1
About the DBMS_REPAIR Package .................................................................................................. 25-2
DBMS_REPAIR Procedures........................................................................................................... 25-2
Limitations and Restrictions.......................................................................................................... 25-2
Using the DBMS_REPAIR Package................................................................................................... 25-2
Task 1: Detect and Report Corruptions ....................................................................................... 25-3
Task 2: Evaluate the Costs and Benefits of Using DBMS_REPAIR.......................................... 25-4
Task 3: Make Objects Usable ......................................................................................................... 25-5
Task 4: Repair Corruptions and Rebuild Lost Data................................................................... 25-5
DBMS_REPAIR Examples................................................................................................................... 25-5
Examples: Building a Repair Table or Orphan Key Table ........................................................ 25-6
Example: Detecting Corruption .................................................................................................... 25-7
Example: Fixing Corrupt Blocks ................................................................................................... 25-8
xx
Example: Finding Index Entries Pointing to Corrupt Data Blocks.......................................... 25-9
Example: Skipping Corrupt Blocks .............................................................................................. 25-9
Part IV Database Resource Management and Task Scheduling
26 Managing Automated Database Maintenance Tasks
About Automated Maintenance Tasks ............................................................................................. 26-1
About Maintenance Windows ........................................................................................................... 26-2
Configuring Automated Maintenance Tasks .................................................................................. 26-3
Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks for all Maintenance Windows.......................... 26-3
Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks for Specific Maintenance Windows ................ 26-4
Configuring Maintenance Windows................................................................................................. 26-4
Modifying a Maintenance Window.............................................................................................. 26-4
Creating a New Maintenance Window ....................................................................................... 26-4
Removing a Maintenance Window.............................................................................................. 26-5
Configuring Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks .................................... 26-5
About Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks............................................ 26-6
Changing Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks...................................... 26-6
Automated Maintenance Tasks Reference....................................................................................... 26-7
Predefined Maintenance Windows .............................................................................................. 26-7
Automated Maintenance Tasks Database Dictionary Views.................................................... 26-7
27 Managing Resources with Oracle Database Resource Manager
About Oracle Database Resource Manager...................................................................................... 27-1
What Solutions Does the Resource Manager Provide for Workload Management?............ 27-2
Elements of the Resource Manager .............................................................................................. 27-3
About Resource Manager Administration Privileges................................................................ 27-6
Assigning Sessions to Resource Consumer Groups....................................................................... 27-7
Overview of Assigning Sessions to Resource Consumer Groups ........................................... 27-8
Assigning an Initial Resource Consumer Group........................................................................ 27-8
Specifying Session-to–Consumer Group Mapping Rules......................................................... 27-8
Switching Resource Consumer Groups..................................................................................... 27-12
Specifying Automatic Resource Consumer Group Switching ............................................... 27-14
Granting and Revoking the Switch Privilege............................................................................ 27-16
The Types of Resources Managed by the Resource Manager.................................................... 27-18
CPU ................................................................................................................................................. 27-18
Degree of Parallelism Limit ......................................................................................................... 27-20
Parallel Target Percentage ........................................................................................................... 27-21
Parallel Queue Timeout................................................................................................................ 27-22
Active Session Pool with Queuing ............................................................................................. 27-23
Automatic Consumer Group Switching.................................................................................... 27-23
Canceling SQL and Terminating Sessions................................................................................. 27-24
Execution Time Limit ................................................................................................................... 27-24
Undo Pool....................................................................................................................................... 27-24
Idle Time Limit .............................................................................................................................. 27-24
Creating a Simple Resource Plan .................................................................................................... 27-24
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