Twisted框架官方文档：安装与开发指南

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"Twisted官方文档，版本15.3.0，由Twisted Matrix Labs发布于2015年8月27日，包含了Twisted框架的安装、核心组件、可选依赖、开发者指南、示例、教程以及历史文档等内容。文档详细涵盖了Twisted的不同子项目，如Twisted Conch、Twisted Mail、Twisted Names、Twisted Pair和Twisted Web等。" 在Twisted官方文档中，你可以找到关于这个开源网络应用框架的详尽信息。Twisted是一个用Python语言编写的异步网络编程库，广泛用于构建高并发、高性能的服务器端程序。 **1. 安装Twisted** 安装文档详细指导了如何安装Twisted及其可选依赖。这些可选依赖包括Python包，它们可能不是Twisted运行的必需品，但可以增强其功能或提供特定服务的支持。 **2. Twisted Core** Twisted Core是Twisted框架的基础部分，包括了用于处理网络连接、事件驱动的网络编程、协议实现和I/O调度的核心组件。开发者指南提供了编写和理解Twisted应用程序的详细信息，而示例代码则展示了如何实际运用这些概念。 **3. Twisted Conch** 这部分主要关注与安全相关的网络协议，如SSH（Secure Shell）和telnet。开发者指南和示例代码可以帮助开发者构建安全的远程访问客户端和服务端应用。 **4. Twisted Mail** Twisted Mail提供了电子邮件服务的实现，包括SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）和IMAP（Internet Message Access Protocol）。开发者可以通过指南学习如何创建邮件客户端和服务端，而教程则提供了一个从零开始构建SMTP客户端的实例。 **5. Twisted Names** Twisted Names组件处理DNS（Domain Name System）相关操作，允许开发者创建DNS服务器或客户端。开发者指南和示例代码可以指导你如何实现自定义的DNS解决方案。 **6. Twisted Pair** Twisted Pair专注于提供低级别的网络协议支持，如PPP（Point-to-Point Protocol）和ECHO。这使得开发者能够构建更底层的网络通信应用。 **7. Twisted Web** Twisted Web是一个强大的Web服务器框架，支持HTTP、HTTPS以及WebSockets等协议。开发者可以利用其构建复杂的Web服务，指南和大量的示例代码提供了丰富的学习资源。 **8. Twisted Words** Twisted Words涵盖即时通讯和多用户聊天系统，如IRC（Internet Relay Chat）和XMPP（Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol）。它为构建聊天客户端和服务器提供了基础。 **9. 历史文档** 这部分包含了一些早期版本的文档和以前的资料，对于那些需要查阅旧版信息或者对Twisted历史感兴趣的人来说很有价值。 Twisted官方文档是一份全面且深入的参考资料，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获得宝贵的指导和灵感，以构建高效、可靠的网络应用。

Twisted Documentation, Release 15.3.0

The connectionMade event is usually where set up of the Protocol object happens, as well as any initial greet-

ings (as in the WelcomeMessage protocol above). Any tearing down of Protocol -speciﬁc objects is done in

connectionLost .

Simple, single-use clients

In many cases, the protocol only needs to connect to the server once, and the code just wants to get a connected

instance of the protocol. In those cases twisted.internet.endpoints provides the appropriate API, and in particular

connectProtocol which takes a protocol instance rather than a factory.

from twisted.internet import reactor

from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol

from twisted.internet.endpoints import TCP4ClientEndpoint, connectProtocol

class Greeter(Protocol):

def sendMessage(self, msg):

self.transport.write("MESSAGE %s\n" % msg)

def gotProtocol(p):

p.sendMessage("Hello")

reactor.callLater(1, p.sendMessage, "This is sent in a second")

reactor.callLater(2, p.transport.loseConnection)

point = TCP4ClientEndpoint(reactor, "localhost", 1234)

d = connectProtocol(point, Greeter())

d.addCallback(gotProtocol)

reactor.run()

Regardless of the type of client endpoint, the way to set up a new connection is simply pass it to connectProtocol along

with a protocol instance. This means it’s easy to change the mechanism you’re using to connect, without changing the

rest of your program. For example, to run the greeter example over SSL, the only change required is to instantiate an

SSL4ClientEndpoint instead of a TCP4ClientEndpoint . To take advantage of this, functions and methods which

initiates a new connection should generally accept an endpoint as an argument and let the caller construct it, rather

than taking arguments like ‘host’ and ‘port’ and constructing its own.

For more information on different ways you can make outgoing connections to different types of endpoints, as well as

parsing strings into endpoints, see the documentation for the endpoints API .

You may come across code using ClientCreator , an older API which is not as ﬂexible as the endpoint API. Rather

than calling connect on an endpoint, such code will look like this:

from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientCreator

...

creator = ClientCreator(reactor, Greeter)

d = creator.connectTCP("localhost", 1234)

d.addCallback(gotProtocol)

reactor.run()

In general, the endpoint API should be preferred in new code, as it lets the caller select the method of connecting.

ClientFactory

Still, there’s plenty of code out there that uses lower-level APIs, and a few features (such as automatic reconnection)

have not been re-implemented with endpoints yet, so in some cases they may be more convenient to use.

12 Chapter 2. Twisted Core

Twisted Documentation, Release 15.3.0

To use the lower-level connection APIs, you will need to call one of the reactor.connect* methods directly. For these

cases, you need a ClientFactory . The ClientFactory is in charge of creating the Protocol and also receives

events relating to the connection state. This allows it to do things like reconnect in the event of a connection error.

Here is an example of a simple ClientFactory that uses the Echo protocol (above) and also prints what state the

connection is in.

from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientFactory

from sys import stdout

class Echo(Protocol):

def dataReceived(self, data):

stdout.write(data)

class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):

def startedConnecting(self, connector):

print 'Started to connect.'

def buildProtocol(self, addr):

print 'Connected.'

return Echo()

def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):

print 'Lost connection. Reason:', reason

def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):

print 'Connection failed. Reason:', reason

To connect this EchoClientFactory to a server, you could use this code:

from twisted.internet import reactor

reactor.connectTCP(host, port, EchoClientFactory())

reactor.run()

Note that clientConnectionFailed is called when a connection could not be established, and that clientConnectionLost

is called when a connection was made and then disconnected.

Reactor Client APIs

connectTCP IReactorTCP.connectTCP provides support for IPv4 and IPv6 TCP clients. The host argument it

accepts can be either a hostname or an IP address literal. In the case of a hostname, the reactor will automatically

resolve the name to an IP address before attempting the connection. This means that for a hostname with multiple

address records, reconnection attempts may not always go to the same server (see below). It also means that there

is name resolution overhead for each connection attempt. If you are creating many short-lived connections (typically

around hundreds or thousands per second) then you may want to resolve the hostname to an address ﬁrst and then pass

the address to connectTCP instead.

Reconnection

Often, the connection of a client will be lost unintentionally due to network problems. One way to reconnect after a

disconnection would be to call connector.connect() when the connection is lost:

from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientFactory

class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):

def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):

connector.connect()

2.1. Developer Guides 13

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