Java NIO：1.4版新I/O功能详解与实战应用

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"《Java NIO：高级输入/输出编程》是一本由O'Reilly出版社于2002年8月发行的专业书籍，其ISBN号为0-596-00288-2，共312页。该书详细探讨了Java 1.4版本中引入的新I/O功能，并展示了如何利用这些特性显著提升Java代码的效率。作者针对Java程序员在I/O方面面临的常见挑战，提供了实例化的解决方案，通过解决实际世界中的I/O问题，让读者理解新特性的直接影响，包括提高响应性、可扩展性和可靠性。书中的内容结构清晰，首先是对新I/O API的介绍，强调它是对Java 1.3 I/O功能的补充而非替代。作者会指导读者何时选择使用新的API，以及在何种情况下旧版本的1.3 I/O API更为适用，确保技术应用的针对性和灵活性。第1章“引言”部分，首先讨论了I/O与CPU时间的关系，指出Java的新I/O不再仅仅受限于CPU，而是能够利用硬件加速进行更高效的处理。接着，作者鼓励读者直接进入主题，探索I/O的基本概念，了解为何转向新I/O技术对于提高程序性能至关重要。书中涵盖了丰富的知识点，如I/O操作的瓶颈问题，非阻塞I/O（Non-blocking I/O）和选择器（Selector）的使用，通道（Channels）和缓冲区（Buffers）的原理，以及I/O多路复用的重要性。此外，还可能涉及事件驱动编程（Event-driven Programming）在Java NIO中的实践，以及如何优化并发I/O操作以减少同步开销。对于希望深入理解和利用Java NIO进行高效编程的开发人员来说，这本书是一份不可或缺的参考资料。通过学习本书，读者不仅可以掌握最新的I/O技术，还能提升代码的性能和可靠性，使其在面对大规模并发和分布式系统时更加游刃有余。"

Java NIO

1.3 Getting to the Good Stuff

Most of the development effort that goes into operating systems is targeted at improving I/O

performance. Lots of very smart people toil very long hours perfecting techniques for

schlepping data back and forth. Operating-system vendors expend vast amounts of time and

money seeking a competitive advantage by beating the other guys in this or that published

benchmark.

Today's operating systems are modern marvels of software engineering (OK, some are more

marvelous than others), but how can the Java programmer take advantage of all this wizardry

and still remain platform-independent? Ah, yet another example of the TANSTAAFL

principle.

The JVM is a double-edged sword. It provides a uniform operating environment that shelters

the Java programmer from most of the annoying differences between operating-system

environments. This makes it faster and easier to write code because platform-specific

idiosyncrasies are mostly hidden. But cloaking the specifics of the operating system means

that the jazzy, wiz-bang stuff is invisible too.

What to do? If you're a developer, you could write some native code using the Java Native

Interface (JNI) to access the operating-system features directly. Doing so ties you to a specific

operating system (and maybe a specific version of that operating system) and exposes the

JVM to corruption or crashes if your native code is not 100% bug free. If you're an operating-

system vendor, you could write native code and ship it with your JVM implementation to

provide these features as a Java API. But doing so might violate the license you signed to

provide a conforming JVM. Sun took Microsoft to court about this over the JDirect package

which, of course, worked only on Microsoft systems. Or, as a last resort, you could turn to

another language to implement performance-critical applications.

The

java.nio

package provides new abstractions to address this problem. The Channel and

Selector classes in particular provide generic APIs to I/O services that were not reachable

prior to JDK 1.4. The TANSTAAFL principle still applies: you won't be able to access every

feature of every operating system, but these new classes provide a powerful new framework

that encompasses the high-performance I/O features commonly available on commercial

operating systems today. Additionally, a new Service Provider Interface (SPI) is provided in

java.nio.channels.spi

that allows you to plug in new types of channels and selectors

without violating compliance with the specifications.

With the addition of NIO, Java is ready for serious business, entertainment, scientific and

academic applications in which high-performance I/O is essential.

The JDK 1.4 release contains many other significant improvements in addition to NIO. As of

1.4, the Java platform has reached a high level of maturity, and there are few application areas

remaining that Java cannot tackle. A great guide to the full spectrum of JDK features in 1.4 is

Java In A Nutshell, Fourth Edition by David Flanagan (O'Reilly).

There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch.

Java NIO

1.4 I/O Concepts

The Java platform provides a rich set of I/O metaphors. Some of these metaphors are more

abstract than others. With all abstractions, the further you get from hard, cold reality,

the tougher it becomes to connect cause and effect. The NIO packages of JDK 1.4 introduce

a new set of abstractions for doing I/O. Unlike previous packages, these are focused on

shortening the distance between abstraction and reality. The NIO abstractions have very real

and direct interactions with real-world entities. Understanding these new abstractions and, just

as importantly, the I/O services they interact with, is key to making the most of I/O-intensive

Java applications.

This book assumes that you are familiar with basic I/O concepts. This section provides

a whirlwind review of some basic ideas just to lay the groundwork for the discussion of how

the new NIO classes operate. These classes model I/O functions, so it's necessary to grasp

how things work at the operating-system level to understand the new I/O paradigms.

In the main body of this book, it's important to understand the following topics:

•

Buffer handling

• Kernel versus user space

• Virtual memory

• Paging

• File-oriented versus stream I/O

•

Multiplexed I/O (readiness selection)

1.4.1 Buffer Handling

Buffers, and how buffers are handled, are the basis of all I/O. The very term "input/output"

means nothing more than moving data in and out of buffers.

Processes perform I/O by requesting of the operating system that data be drained from

a buffer (write) or that a buffer be filled with data (read). That's really all it boils down to. All

data moves in or out of a process by this mechanism. The machinery inside the operating

system that performs these transfers can be incredibly complex, but conceptually, it's very

straightforward.

Figure 1-1 shows a simplified logical diagram of how block data moves from an external

source, such as a disk, to a memory area inside a running process. The process requests that

its buffer be filled by making the read( ) system call. This results in the kernel issuing

a command to the disk controller hardware to fetch the data from disk. The disk controller

writes the data directly into a kernel memory buffer by DMA without further assistance from

the main CPU. Once the disk controller finishes filling the buffer, the kernel copies the data

from the temporary buffer in kernel space to the buffer specified by the process when it

requested the read( ) operation.

Java NIO

Figure 1-1. Simplified I/O buffer handling

This obviously glosses over a lot of details, but it shows the basic steps involved.

Note the concepts of user space and kernel space in Figure 1-1. User space is where regular

processes live. The JVM is a regular process and dwells in user space. User space is

a nonprivileged area: code executing there cannot directly access hardware devices, for

example. Kernel space is where the operating system lives. Kernel code has special privileges:

it can communicate with device controllers, manipulate the state of processes in user space,

etc. Most importantly, all I/O flows through kernel space, either directly (as decsribed here) or

indirectly (see Section 1.4.2).

When a process requests an I/O operation, it performs a system call, sometimes known as

a trap, which transfers control into the kernel. The low-level open( ), read( ), write( ), and

close( ) functions so familiar to C/C++ coders do nothing more than set up and perform the

appropriate system calls. When the kernel is called in this way, it takes whatever steps are

necessary to find the data the process is requesting and transfer it into the specified buffer in

user space. The kernel tries to cache and/or prefetch data, so the data being requested by the

process may already be available in kernel space. If so, the data requested by the process is

copied out. If the data isn't available, the process is suspended while the kernel goes about

bringing the data into memory.

Looking at Figure 1-1, it's probably occurred to you that copying from kernel space to the

final user buffer seems like extra work. Why not tell the disk controller to send it directly to

the buffer in user space? There are a couple of problems with this. First, hardware is usually

not able to access user space directly.

Second, block-oriented hardware devices such as disk

controllers operate on fixed-size data blocks. The user process may be requesting an oddly

sized or misaligned chunk of data. The kernel plays the role of intermediary, breaking down

and reassembling data as it moves between user space and storage devices.

1.4.1.1 Scatter/gather

Many operating systems can make the assembly/disassembly process even more efficient. The

notion of scatter/gather allows a process to pass a list of buffer addresses to the operating

system in one system call. The kernel can then fill or drain the multiple buffers in sequence,

scattering the data to multiple user space buffers on a read, or gathering from several buffers

on a write (Figure 1-2).

There are many reasons for this, all of which are beyond the scope of this book. Hardware devices usually cannot directly use virtual memory

addresses.

Java NIO

Figure 1-4. Memory pages

1.4.3 Memory Paging

To support the second attribute of virtual memory (having an addressable space larger than

physical memory), it's necessary to do virtual memory paging (often referred to as swapping,

though true swapping is done at the process level, not the page level). This is a scheme

whereby the pages of a virtual memory space can be persisted to external disk storage to make

room in physical memory for other virtual pages. Essentially, physical memory acts as a

cache for a paging area, which is the space on disk where the content of memory pages is

stored when forced out of physical memory.

Figure 1-5 shows virtual pages belonging to four processes, each with its own virtual memory

space. Two of the five pages for Process A are loaded into memory; the others are stored on

disk.

Figure 1-5. Physical memory as a paging-area cache

Aligning memory page sizes as multiples of the disk block size allows the kernel to issue

direct commands to the disk controller hardware to write memory pages to disk or reload

them when needed. It turns out that all disk I/O is done at the page level. This is the only way

data ever moves between disk and physical memory in modern, paged operating systems.

Modern CPUs contain a subsystem known as the Memory Management Unit (MMU). This

device logically sits between the CPU and physical memory. It contains the mapping

information needed to translate virtual addresses to physical memory addresses. When

the CPU references a memory location, the MMU determines which page the location resides

in (usually by shifting or masking the bits of the address value) and translates that virtual page

number to a physical page number (this is done in hardware and is extremely fast). If there is

no mapping currently in effect between that virtual page and a physical memory page, the

MMU raises a page fault to the CPU.

A page fault results in a trap, similar to a system call, which vectors control into the kernel

along with information about which virtual address caused the fault. The kernel then takes

steps to validate the page. The kernel will schedule a pagein operation to read the content of

the missing page back into physical memory. This often results in another page being stolen

to make room for the incoming page. In such a case, if the stolen page is dirty (changed since

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