《UNIX编程艺术》：经典计算机科学指南

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《The Art of UNIX Programming》是计算机科学领域的一部经典著作，由Eric Steven Raymond撰写并首次出版于2003年。这本书深入探讨了UNIX系统的精髓，不仅限于操作系统层面，而是涵盖了编程哲学、设计原则以及在UNIX环境中编写高效、可维护软件的艺术。作者Eric Steven Raymond以其丰富的UNIX经验和深厚的技术功底，为读者揭示了UNIX编程背后的理论与实践。书中涉及的主题广泛，包括模块化编程、管道通信、命令行接口、信号处理、文件系统设计等核心概念，这些都是UNIX系统高效性和灵活性的关键所在。《The Art of UNIX Programming》强调了简洁、模块化和可重用代码的重要性，提倡遵循UNIX哲学，即“做一件简单的事，并且做好”。书中提及的各种商标，如AIX、Alpha、DEC、HP-UX、IBM PC、Macintosh、Java、J2EE、Solaris等，都是当时或现在的主流技术平台，它们在书中的讨论有助于读者理解不同平台间的异同，以及如何在跨平台环境下进行开发。此外，Linux、Netscape、PDF和PostScript等也反映了书中对开源和网络技术的关注。第2章中提到的Ken和Dennis，可能是两位对UNIX发展有重大贡献的人物，照片的出现增加了故事性和个人情感的温度。而在Portability（可移植性）章节，引用了来自贝尔系统技术期刊的引言，强调了软件设计的通用性和适应性。《The Art of UNIX Programming》不仅是程序员必备的参考书籍，还是一本关于软件工程和系统设计的教科书。它鼓励读者在编程实践中遵循UNIX的精神，追求简洁、高效和可扩展的设计，这对于任何希望提升编程技能和理解计算机科学基础的人来说，都是一份宝贵的资源。通过阅读这本书，开发者可以深入了解UNIX文化，提高自身的编程技巧和系统思维能力。

List of Tables

8.1. Regular-expression examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

8.2. Introduction to regular-expression operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

14.1. Language choices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

14.2. Summary of X Toolkits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

xiv

List of Examples

5.1. Password ﬁle example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.2. A .newsrc example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.3. A fortune ﬁle example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.4. Basic data for three planets in a record-jar format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.5. An XML example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.6. A .INI ﬁle example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.7. An SMTP session example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.8. A POP3 example session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

5.9. An IMAP session example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6.1. An example fetchmail -v transcript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.2. An SNG Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

7.1. The pic2graph pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

8.1. Glade Hello, World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.2. A sample m4 macro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.3. A sample XSLT program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

8.4. Taxonomy of languages — the pic source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

8.5. Synthetic example of a fetchmailrc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

8.6. RSA implementation using dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

9.1. Example of fetchmailrc syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

9.2. Python structure dump of a fetchmail conﬁguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

9.3. copy_instance metaclass code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

9.4. Calling context for copy_instance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

9.5. ascii usage screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

9.6. Desired output format for the star table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

9.7. Master form of the star table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

10.1. A .netrc example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

10.2. X conﬁguration example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

18.1. groff1 markup example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

18.2. man markup example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

19.1. tar archive maker production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Preface

Unix is not so much an operating system as an oral history.

<author>NealStephenson</author>

There is a vast difference between knowledge and expertise. Knowledge lets you deduce the right

thing to do; expertise makes the right thing a reﬂex, hardly requiring conscious thought at all.

This book has a lot of knowledge in it, but it is mainly about expertise. It is going to try to teach

you the things about Unix development that Unix experts know, but aren’t aware that they know.

It is therefore less about technicalia and more about shared culture than most Unix books — both

explicit and implicit culture, both conscious and unconscious traditions. It is not a ‘how-to’ book,

it is a ‘why-to’ book.

The why-to has great practical importance, because far too much software is poorly designed. Much

of it suffers from bloat, is exceedingly hard to maintain, and is too difﬁcult to port to new platforms

or extend in ways the original programmers didn’t anticipate. These problems are symptoms of bad

design. We hope that readers of this book will learn something of what Unix has to teach about

good design.

This book is divided into four parts: Context, Design, Tools, and Community. The ﬁrst part

(Context) is philosophy and history, to help provide foundation and motivation for what follows.

The second part (Design) unfolds the principles of the Unix philosophy into more speciﬁc advice

about design and implementation. The third part (Tools) focuses on the software Unix provides

for helping you solve problems. The fourth part (Community) is about the human-to-human

transactions and agreements that make the Unix culture so effective at what it does.

Because this is a book about shared culture, I never planned to write it alone. You will notice that

the text includes guest appearances by prominent Unix developers, the shapers of the Unix tradition.

The book went through an extended public review process during which I invited these luminaries

to comment on and argue with the text. Rather than submerging the results of that review process

in the ﬁnal version, these guests were encouraged to speak with their own voices, amplifying and

developing and even disagreeing with the main line of the text.

In this book, when I use the editorial ‘we’ it is not to pretend omniscience but to reﬂect the fact that

it attempts to articulate the expertise of an entire community.

xviii

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