BLA：区块链驱动的分布式车辆雾服务轻量级匿名认证

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本文档探讨了在现代车辆与分布式雾服务（Vehicular Fog Services, VFS）快速发展的背景下，如何利用区块链技术实现一种适用于高速移动车辆的分布式VFS的轻量级匿名身份验证机制。随着VFS的需求跨越多地理位置的数据中心，传统的跨数据中心认证模型面临着挑战，因为它们要么忽视用户隐私，要么无法满足驾驶车辆的低延迟需求。 BLA（Blockchain-Assisted Lightweight Anonymous Authentication）机制的提出，旨在解决这一问题。BLA的核心思想是将区块链技术与匿名认证相结合，为驾驶车辆提供一种灵活且安全的身份验证方式。具体来说，BLA机制的特点包括： 1. **灵活性**：BLA允许车辆在进入新的VFS数据中心时自行决定是否进行身份验证，这为驾驶者提供了控制权，既能保护其隐私，又能根据实际需求调整认证行为。 2. **隐私保护**：通过使用区块链技术，BLA能够在保护用户隐私的同时进行认证。区块链的分布式账本特性可以确保数据的安全性和不可篡改性，而无需透露个人身份信息，符合现代用户对隐私的重视。 3. **低延迟**：针对高速移动车辆的场景，BLA设计考虑到了实时性和响应时间。车辆只需在必要时进行认证，从而减少了不必要的通信和处理负担，提高了认证过程的效率。 4. **跨数据中心认证**：由于车辆可能频繁地在不同地理位置的数据中心间切换，BLA能够有效地支持这种动态环境下的认证，确保了服务的一致性和可靠性。 5. **安全性**：区块链的共识机制保证了BLA机制的完整性，即使部分节点被攻击，整体系统的稳定性仍能得到保障。该研究论文发表于《IEEE物联网杂志》2019年4月第6卷第2期，作者Yingying Yao、Xiaolin Chang、Jelena Mišić和Vojislav B. Mišić以及Lin Li，他们作为IEEE会员和高级成员，展示了BLA在分布式VFS中的潜力，为未来智能交通系统中安全、高效的身份验证提供了创新思路。

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 2, APRIL 2019 3775

BLA: Blockchain-Assisted Lightweight Anonymous

Authentication for Distributed Vehicular

Fog Services

Yingying Yao, Xiaolin Chang , Member, IEEE, Jelena Miši

c , Fellow, IEEE,

Vojislav B. Miši

, Senior Member, IEEE, and Lin Li

Abstract—As modern vehicles and distributed fog services

advance apace, vehicular fog services (VFSs) are being expected

to span across multiple geo-distributed datacenters, which

inevitably leads to cross-datacenter authentication. Traditional

cross-datacenter authentication models are not suitable for

the scenario of high-speed moving vehicles accessing VFS,

because these models either ignored user privacy or ignored

the delay requirement of driving vehicles. This paper pro-

poses a blockchain-assisted lightweight anonymous authentica-

tion (BLA) mechanism for distributed VFS, which is provisioned

to driving vehicles. BLA can achieve the following advantages:

1) realizing a ﬂexible cross-datacenter authentication, in which

a vehicle can decide whether to be reauthenticated or not when

it enters a new vehicular fog datacenter; 2) achieving anonymity,

and granting vehicle users the responsibility of preserving their

privacy; 3) it is lightweight by achieving noninteractivity between

vehicles and service managers (SMs), and eliminating the com-

munication between SMs in the authentication process, which

signiﬁcantly reduces the communication delay; and 4) resisting

the attack that the database governed by one center is tampered

with. BLA achieves these advantages by effectively combining

modern cryptographical technology and blockchain technology.

These security features are demonstrated by carrying out secu-

rity analysis. Meanwhile, extensive simulations are conducted to

validate the efﬁciency and practicality of BLA.

Index Terms—Anonymous, blockchain, cross-datacenter

authentication, noninteractive, vehicular fog services (VFSs).

I. INTRODUCTION

VEHICULAR ad hoc network (VANET) is a subset

of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which consists

of mobile vehicles and roadside units (RSUs). Each vehicle

Manuscript received September 3, 2018; revised December 16, 2018;

accepted December 25, 2018. Date of publication January 9, 2019; date of

current version May 8, 2019. The work of Y. Yao was supported in part by

the China Scholarship Council and in part by the National Natural Science

Foundation of China under Grant 2018YJS023. The work of X. Chang was

supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant

U183610024, Grant 61572066, and Grant 61502486. The work of J. Miši

cand

V. B . M i š i

c was supported by the National Science and Engineering Research

Council of Canada through AQ1 Discovery Grants. (Corresponding author:

Xiaolin Chang.)

Y. Yao, X. Chang, and L. Li are with the Beijing Key Laboratory of

Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University,

Beijing 100044, China (e-mail: 17112100@bjtu.edu.cn; xlchang@bjtu.edu.cn;

lilin@bjtu.edu.cn).

J. Miši

candV.B.Miši

c are with the Department of Computer

Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada (e-mail:

jmisic@ryerson.ca; vmisic@ryerson.ca).

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2892009

is equipped with an on-board unit (OBU) and a group of

sensors. VANETs have been depending primarily on cloud

computing services for communication, computing, and stor-

age facilities [1]. The tremendous rise in the number of

connected vehicles and their ever-increasing mobility cre-

ate the demand for low latency and uninterrupted services.

Meeting the quality of service of users is an important chal-

lenge to vehicular cloud computing services that integrates

cloud computing with VANETs [2]. Therefore, vehicular fog

computing (VFC) [3] was proposed to overcome the chal-

lenges of efﬁcient communication and computation with the

emergence of latest and advanced vehicular applications [4].

VFC is considered as one of the most potential techniques to

be highly beneﬁcial for latency-sensitive applications which

is ideal for high-speed moving vehicles. Thus, there are

more and more attentions to the security and performance

of vehicular fog services (VFSs) during its applications and

popularizations.

There are several basic security and performance require-

ments of VFS, including authentication and privacy of vehi-

cles’ identities as well as real-time constraints and so on [5].

On one hand, each vehicle accessing VFS must be authenti-

cated for subsequent authorization decisions. Meanwhile, the

identity of a vehicle cannot be disclosed during the authentica-

tion process in order to ensure the privacy of vehicle users [6].

On the other hand, to accommodate the rapid movement of

vehicles, the authentication is required to be lightweight.

Various anonymous authentication mechanisms have been

proposed [7] for vehicle user privacy. They applied sym-

metric cryptography, public key infrastructure, identity-based

signature, certiﬁcateless signature, or group signature. All of

them relied on an administration center which created pre-

set trust relationship with vehicles. But the relationship can

fail when a vehicle moves to a new datacenter. To address

this problem, researchers explored cross-datacenter authentica-

tion. The existing cross-datacenter/cross-region/cross-domain

mechanisms [14]–[24] required multiple interactions among

OBUs, RSUs, and trusted authority, causing high communi-

cation delays. Furthermore, their databases are managed by

a single manager in these mechanisms, which cannot resist the

attack which the database governed by one center is tampered

with.

Recently, blockchain technology is attracting massive atten-

tion in both academia and industry [8]. A blockchain is

2327-4662

 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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