GIS英文词典：环境系统研究学会权威术语指南

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GIS (Geographic Information System) 是一种集成了计算机硬件、软件和数据的技术，用于收集、存储、管理、分析和展示地理空间信息。本文档是ESRI（Environmental Systems Research Institute）编撰的GIS英文词典，提供了一个全面的词汇指南，帮助用户理解和熟悉与GIS和ESRI软件相关的专业术语。通过字母检索功能，用户可以快速找到所需的特定词汇，并了解其详细解释。在这个词典中，首先介绍了" Arc attribute table (AAT)"，它是包含几何覆盖特征属性的表格，如点、线和面的属性信息。除了用户自定义属性外，AAT还包括节点坐标、内部序号、特征标识符等关键字段。"Feature attribute table"与之类似，但可能专指针对地理特征本身的属性表。 "ACCESS directory"是图书馆员系统中的一个重要目录，它用来存储管理库访问的文件，每个图书馆在DATABASE目录下都有一个ACCESS目录。这个概念体现了GIS在数据管理和组织中的角色，确保了文件的有序存放和访问权限管理。 "Accessibility"是一个聚合度量，评估一个位置相对于其他位置的可达性。通过"ACCESSIBILITY command"，系统计算可达性值，这取决于两点之间的距离，并且基于经验得出的距离衰减参数。这一概念在城市规划、交通分析和应急响应等领域至关重要。 "Access rights"则是赋予用户在磁盘上读取、写入、删除、更新和执行文件的权限。这是确保数据安全和操作控制的基础，体现了GIS软件在数据操作权限方面的规定。这份GIS英文词典不仅提供了丰富的技术词汇，还展示了GIS技术在实际应用中的关键概念和操作细节，对于 GIS 用户和开发者来说，是一份实用且深入的参考资源。

1. A graphic pointer used with a mouse to point to a location on a terminal screen.

2. An internal pointer to a record in a table which provides a mechanism for processing a selected set of records.

The cursor is moved one by one through the set while operations such as display, query and update are

performed.

cycle

1. In pathfinding, a cycle is a path or tour beginning and ending at the same node.

2. In tracing, a cycle is a set of arcs forming a closed polygon. Upstream and downstream directionality are

undefinable in a cycle.

DAL

Data Access Language. Apple's former standard to allow applications to communicate with relational databases.

DAL is middleware on a network. It is a program installed on the database server to provide a common SQL

access for all database servers on a network. Apple has licensed this technology to Independence Technologies,

Inc.

dangle length

Minimum length allowed for dangling arcs during the CLEAN process. CLEAN removes dangling arcs that are

shorter than the dangle length.

dangling arc

An arc having the same polygon on both its left and right sides and having at least one node that does not connect

to any other arc. It often identifies where a polygon does not close properly (e.g., undershoot), where arcs don't

connect properly, or where an arc was digitized past its intersection with another arc (i.e., overshoot). A dangling

arc is not always an error. For example, dangling arcs can represent cul-de-sacs in street centerline maps. See also

dangling node.

dangling node

The endpoint of a dangling arc not connected to another arc.

data access security

Measures taken to control system users' ability to view or modify data. These measures can include logical views

of data and explicit access rights by group or individual users. See also access rights.

database

A logical collection of interrelated information, managed and stored as a unit, usually on some form of

mass-storage system such as magnetic tape or disk. A GIS database includes data about the spatial location and

shape of geographic features recorded as points, lines, areas, pixels, grid cells, or tins, as well as their attributes.

database design

The formal process of analyzing facts about the real world into a structured database model. Database design is

characterized by the following phases: requirement analysis, logical design and physical design.

DATABASE directory

The same as the Library Reference workspace. It is the system directory that LIBRARIAN uses to manage

information about a map library. Each map library has one database directory named DATABASE.

data conversion

The translation of data from one format to another. ARC/INFO supports data conversion from many geographic

data formats such as DLG, TIGER, DXF, and DEM.

data dictionary

A catalog of all data held in a database, or a list of items giving data names and structures. Also referred to as

DD/D for data dictionary/directory. Commercial RDBMSs have online data dictionaries stored in special tables

called system tables.

data integrity

Maintenance of data values according to data model and data type. For example, to maintain integrity, numeric

columns will not accept alphabetic data. See referential integrity.

data model

1. The result of the conceptual design process. A generalized, user-defined view of the data related to

applications.

2. A formal method of describing the behavior of the real-world entities. A fully developed data model specifies

entity classes, relationships between entities, integrity rules and operations on the entities.

3. ARC/INFO coverages and grids use a georelational data model, a hybrid data model that combines spatial data

(in coverages or grids) and attribute data (in tables). Other data models used in ARC/INFO include tins, images,

and grid.

data set

A named collection of logically related data items arranged in a prescribed manner.

data type

The characteristic of columns and variables that defines what types of data values they can store. Examples

include character, floating point and integer.

DATABASE INTEGRATOR (DBI)

ARC/INFO software's link to relational database management systems (RDBMS). DBI enables ARC/INFO users

to access existing commercial databases and take advantage of the power and capabilities of the RDBMS.

database lock

Locking is a mechanism by which database systems can prevent conflicting access to data when multiple users are

making requests to the data. See also persistent lock.

database management system (DBMS)

A set of computer programs for organizing the information in a database. A DBMS supports the structuring of the

database in a standard format and provides tools for data input, verification, storage, retrieval, query, and

manipulation.

datum

A set of parameters and control points used to accurately define the three-dimensional shape of the Earth (e.g., as

a spheroid). The datum is the basis for a planar coordinate system. For example, the North American Datum for

1983 (NAD83) is the datum for map projections and coordinates within the United States and throughout North

America.

DBI

See DATABASE INTEGRATOR.

DBMS

See database management system.

DBMS table

See attribute table.

DCW

"Digital Chart of the World." The first 1:1,000,000-scale digital basemap of the world. The DCW contains

topologically based vector data digitized from the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's Operational Navigation

Charts.

DDE

Dynamic Data Exchange. An IAC protocol developed by Microsoft for Windows-based applications. DDE allows

one application to send messages to, and get information from, other applications in Windows. This is specific to

Windows only (RPC, Remote Procedure Calls, is used in the UNIX environment). DDE is supported in ArcView

Version 2 for the exchange of data with other business applications without having to convert the data or leave

ArcView. (See IAC.)

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