Python for Everybody: Severance's Guide to Data Exploration in Python 3

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"Python for Everybody-Severance 是一本经典的Python学习英文教材，由Charles R. Severance编写。这本书旨在探索使用Python 3进行数据处理，是Python编程的入门指南。" 本书是Python编程领域的权威资料之一，作者Charles R. Severance以独特的教学方式介绍了Python语言的基础知识和应用。书中内容涵盖了Python 3版本，适合初学者和有一定经验的程序员。它不仅讲解了Python的基础语法，如变量、控制结构、函数和模块，还深入探讨了数据处理和网络编程的概念。 "Remixing an Open Book"这一章节揭示了本书的创作理念，即不完全从零开始，而是基于Allen B. Downey的《ThinkPython: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist》进行再创作和改编。这种做法体现了开放教育资源的精神，允许教育工作者根据需要调整和改进教材，以适应不同的教学环境和学生需求。书中涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Python基础知识**：包括变量、数据类型（如整型、浮点型、字符串）、列表、元组、字典和集合等数据结构，以及操作这些数据结构的方法。 2. **控制结构**：讲解了条件语句（if-else）和循环（for、while），帮助读者理解如何根据条件执行代码块和重复执行任务。 3. **函数**：介绍了如何定义和使用函数，以及参数传递机制，包括默认参数、可变参数和关键字参数。 4. **文件和输入/输出**：教授如何读写文件，处理文本和二进制数据，这对于数据存储和分析至关重要。 5. **异常处理**：通过try-except语句介绍错误处理，让程序在遇到问题时能够优雅地恢复或提供反馈。 6. **模块和包**：学习如何导入和使用Python的内置模块，以及创建自己的模块和包，实现代码的重用和组织。 7. **网络编程**：包括HTTP协议的基本概念，如何发送GET和POST请求，以及解析XML和JSON数据，这些都是Web开发的基础。 8. **数据库编程**：介绍如何使用Python连接和操作关系型数据库，如SQLite，为数据存储和检索提供支持。 9. **数据可视化**：可能会涉及基础的数据绘图和图表生成，以便于理解和展示数据。 10. **正则表达式**：教授如何使用正则表达式进行文本匹配和搜索，对于处理和分析文本数据非常有用。通过这些知识点的学习，读者将能够掌握Python编程的核心技能，为更高级的编程和数据分析任务打下坚实的基础。同时，由于采用了开放许可协议，读者不仅可以自由阅读，还可以根据个人或教育目的对内容进行修改和分享。书中的练习和项目可以帮助巩固理论知识，并将所学应用于实际问题中。

4 CHAPTER 1. WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN TO WRITE PROGRAMS?

As a programmer, your job is to use and orchestrate each of these resources to

solve the problem that you need to solve and analyze the data you get from the

solution. As a programmer you will mostly be “talking” to the CPU and telling

it what to do next. Sometimes you will tell the CPU to use the main memory,

secondary memory, network, or the input/output devices.

Input and

Output

Devices

Software

Main

Memory

Central

Processing

Unit

What

Next?

Network

Secondary

Memory

Figure 1.4: Where Are You?

You need to be the person who answers the CPU’s “What next?” question. But it

would be very uncomfortable to shrink you down to 5mm tall and insert you into

the computer just so you could issue a command three billion times per second. So

instead, you must write down your instructions in advance. We call these stored

instructions a program and the act of writing these instructions down and getting

the instructions to be correct programming.

1.3 Understanding programming

In the rest of this book, we will try to turn you into a p er son who is skilled in the art

of programming. In the end you will be a programmer - perhaps not a professional

programmer, but at least you will have the skills to look at a data/information

analysis problem and develop a program to solve the problem.

In a sense, you need two skills to be a programmer:

• First, you need to know the programming language (Python) - you need to

know the vocabulary and the grammar. You need to be able to spell the

words in this new language properly and know how to construct well-formed

“sentences” in this new language.

• Second, you need to “tell a story”. In writing a story, you combine words

and sentences to convey an idea to the reader. There is a skill and art in

constructing the story, and skill in story writing is improved by doing some

writing and getting some feedback. In programming, our program is the

“story” and the problem you are trying to solve is the “idea”.

Once you learn one programming language such as Python, you will ﬁnd it much

easier to learn a second programming language such as JavaScript or C++. The

1.4. WORDS AND SENTENCES 5

new programming language has very diﬀerent vocabulary and grammar but the

problem-solving skills will be the same across all programming languages.

You will learn the “vocabulary” and “sentences” of Python pretty quickly. It will

take longer for you to be able to write a coherent program to solve a brand-new

problem. We teach programming much like we teach writing. We start reading

and explaining programs, then we write simple programs, and then we write in-

creasingly complex programs over time. At some point you “get your muse” and

see the patterns on your own and can see more naturally how to take a problem

and write a program that solves that problem. And once you get to that point,

programming becomes a very pleasant and creative process.

We start with the vocabulary and structure of Python programs. Be patient as

the simple examples remind you of when you started reading for the ﬁrst time.

1.4 Words and sentences

Unlike human languages, the Python vocabulary is actually pretty small. We call

this “vocabulary” the “reserved words”. These are words that have very special

meaning to Python. When Python sees these words in a Python program, they

have one and only one meaning to Python. Later as you write programs you will

make up your own words that have meaning to you called variables. You will have

great latitude in choosing your names for your variables, but you cannot use any

of Python’s reserved words as a name for a variable.

When we train a dog, we us e special words like “sit”, “stay”, and “fetch”. When

you talk to a dog and don’t use any of the reserved words, they just look at you

with a quizzical look on their face until you say a r eserved word. For example, if

you say, “I wish more people would walk to improve their overall health”, what

most dogs likely hear is, “blah blah blah walk blah blah blah blah.” That is because

“walk” is a reserved word in dog language. Many might suggest that the language

between humans and cats has no reserved words

The reserved words in the language where humans talk to Python include the

following:

and del global not with

as elif if or yield

assert else import pass

break except in raise

class finally is return

continue for lambda try

def from nonlocal while

That is it, and unlike a dog, Python is already completely trained. When you say

“try”, Python will try every time you say it without fail.

We will learn these reserved words and how they are used in good time, but for

now we will focus on the Python equivalent of “speak” (in human-to-dog language).

The nice thing about telling Python to speak is that we can even tell it what to

say by giving it a message in quotes:

http://xkcd.com/231/

6 CHAPTER 1. WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN TO WRITE PROGRAMS?

print('Hello world!')

And we have even written our ﬁrst syntactically correct Python sentence. Our

sentence starts with the function print followed by a string of text of our choosing

enclosed in single quotes.

1.5 Conversing with Python

Now that we have a word and a simple sentence that we know in Python, we need

to know how to start a conversation with Python to test our new language skills.

Before you can converse with Python, you must ﬁrst install the Python software

on your computer and learn how to start Python on your computer. That is too

much detail for this chapter so I suggest that you consult

www.py4e.com where

I have detailed instructions and screencasts of setting up and starting Python on

Macintosh and Windows systems. At some point, you will be in a terminal or

command window and you will type python and the Python interpreter will start

executing in interactive mode and appear somewhat as follows:

Python

3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25)

[MSC v

.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

The >>> prompt is the Python interpreter’s way of asking you, “What do you want

me to do next?” Python is ready to have a conversation with you. All you have

to know is how to speak the Python language.

Let’s say for example that you did not know even the simplest Python language

words or sentences. You might want to use the standard line that astronauts use

when they land on a faraway planet and try to speak with the inhabitants of the

planet:

>>> I come in peace, please take me to your leader

File

"<stdin>", line 1

I come in peace, please take me to your leader

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>>

This is not going so well. Unless you think of something quickly, the inhabitants

of the planet are likely to stab you with their spears, put you on a spit, roast you

over a ﬁre, and eat you for dinner.

Luckily you brought a copy of this book on your travels, and you thumb to this

very page and try again:

>>>

print('Hello world!')

Hello world!

1.5. CONVERSING WITH PYTHON 7

This is looking much better, so you try to communicate some more:

>>>

print('You must be the legendary god that comes from the sky')

You must be the legendary god that comes

from the sky

>>> print('We have been waiting for you for a long time')

We have been waiting

for you for a long time

>>> print('Our legend says you will be very tasty with mustard')

Our legend says you will be very tasty with mustard

>>>

print 'We will have a feast tonight unless you say

File "<stdin>", line 1

print 'We will have a feast tonight unless you say

SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'

>>>

The conversation was going so well for a while and then you made the tiniest

mistake using the Python language and Python brought the spears back out.

At this point, you should also realize that while Python is amazingly complex and

powerful and very picky about the syntax you use to communicate with it, Python

is not intelligent. You are really just having a conversation with yourself, but using

proper syntax.

In a sense, when you use a program written by someone else the conversation is

between you and those other programmers with Python acting as an intermediary.

Python is a way for the creators of programs to express how the conversation is

supposed to proceed. And in just a few more chapters, you will be one of those

programmers using Python to talk to the users of your program.

Before we leave our ﬁrst conversation with the Python interpreter, you should prob-

ably know the proper way to say “good-bye” when interacting with the inhabitants

of Planet Python:

>>> good-bye

Traceback (most recent call last):

File

"<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'good' is not defined

>>>

if you don't mind, I need to leave

File "<stdin>", line 1

if you don'

t mind, I need to leave

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> quit()

You will notice that the error is diﬀerent for the ﬁrst two incorrect attempts. The

second error is diﬀerent because if is a reserved word and Python saw the reserved

word and thought we were trying to say something but got the syntax of the

sentence wrong.

The proper way to say “good-bye” to Python is to enter quit() at the interactive

chevron >>> prompt. It would have probably taken you quite a while to guess that

one, so having a book handy probably will turn out to be helpful.

8 CHAPTER 1. WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN TO WRITE PROGRAMS?

1.6 Terminology: interpreter and compiler

Python is a high-level language intended to be relatively straightforward for hu-

mans to read and write and for computers to read and process. Other high-level

languages include Java, C++, PHP, Ruby, Basic, Perl, JavaScript, and many more.

The actual hardware inside the Central Processing Unit (CPU) does not under-

stand any of these high-level languages.

The CPU understands a language we call machine language. Machine language is

very simple and frankly very tiresome to write because it is represented all in zeros

and ones:

001010001110100100101010000001111

11100110000011101010010101101101

...

Machine language seems quite simple on the surface, given that there are only zeros

and ones, but its syntax is even more complex and far more intricate than Python.

So very few programmers ever write machine language. Instead we build various

translators to allow programmers to write in high-level languages like Python or

JavaScript and these translators convert the programs to machine language for

actual execution by the CPU.

Since machine language is tied to the computer hardware, machine language is not

portable across diﬀerent types of hardware. Programs written in high-level lan-

guages can be moved between diﬀerent computers by using a diﬀerent interpreter

on the new machine or recompiling the code to create a machine language version

of the program for the new machine.

These programming language translators fall into two general categories: (1) inter-

preters and (2) compilers.

An interpreter reads the source code of the program as written by the programmer,

parses the source code, and interprets the instructions on the ﬂy. Python is an

interpreter and when we are running Python interactively, we can type a line of

Python (a sentence) and Python processes it immediately and is ready for us to

type another line of Python.

Some of the lines of Python tell Python that you want it to remember some value

for later. We need to pick a name for that value to be remembered and we can use

that symbolic name to retrieve the value later. We use the term variable to refer

to the labels we use to refer to this stored data.

>>> x =

>>> print(x)

>>> y = x * 7

>>> print(y)

>>>

In this example, we ask Python to remember the value six and use the label x so

we can retrieve the value later. We verify that Python has actually remembered

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