Django 3.2.3 文档指南

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"Django软件基金会发布的Django 3.2.3.dev版本的官方文档，包含从基础到高级的教程，旨在帮助用户了解和使用Django框架。文档内容包括模型层、视图层、模板层、表单处理、开发过程、管理后台、安全性、国际化与本地化、性能优化、地理框架以及Django开源项目等多个方面。" Django是基于Python的Web开发框架，其设计哲学强调“快速开发”和“可重用性”。这份文档是Django的官方指南，适用于初学者和有经验的开发者，提供了一个全面的学习路径。 1. **模型层(Model Layer)**: Django的核心功能之一，用于定义数据库结构和操作。模型定义了数据字段、关系以及数据验证规则，使得开发者可以高效地与数据库进行交互。 2. **视图层(View Layer)**: 视图负责处理HTTP请求并返回响应。它们是应用程序的逻辑中心，根据请求内容调用模型并处理数据，然后使用模板来生成HTML或其他类型的响应。 3. **模板层(Template Layer)**: 模板系统允许开发者使用简洁的语法创建动态HTML页面。它支持变量替换、控制结构（如循环和条件）以及继承和过滤器等特性。 4. **表单处理(Forms)**: Django提供了强大的表单处理功能，可以方便地创建、验证用户输入，并将数据保存到模型或进行其他处理。 5. **开发过程(Development Process)**: 文档涵盖了如何设置开发环境、调试代码以及Django的内置开发服务器，便于开发者高效地迭代和测试应用。 6. **管理后台(Admin)**: Django的内置管理界面，允许开发者轻松地创建、编辑和删除模型实例，而无需编写额外的代码。 7. **安全(Security)**: 文档详细介绍了如何在Django应用中实施最佳安全实践，包括防止SQL注入、XSS攻击和CSRF等。 8. **国际化和本地化(Internationalization and Localization)**: Django支持多语言应用，文档解释了如何进行文本翻译和时间区域处理。 9. **性能优化(Performance and Optimization)**: 提供了提升Django应用性能的建议和策略，包括缓存、数据库查询优化等。 10. **地理框架(Geographic Framework)**: Django具有GIS（地理信息系统）支持，允许处理地理位置数据。 11. **其他核心功能(Other Core Functionalities)**: 这部分涵盖了Django框架中的其他重要特性，如中间件、URL路由、电子邮件支持等。 12. **Django开源项目(The Django Open-Source Project)**: 文档还介绍了Django社区、贡献方式以及参与开发的流程。教程部分，包括一个从零开始的七部分系列，逐步指导用户创建一个完整的Django应用。此外，还有更高级的教程，教如何编写可复用的应用，以及如何为Django贡献代码。通过这份详尽的文档，开发者可以深入了解Django框架的各个方面，从基础到高级，逐步掌握开发高效、安全的Web应用所需的技能。

Django Documentation, Release 3.2.3.dev

Listing 3: mysite/news/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from . import models

admin.site.register(models.Article)

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces only to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from Python

code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

Listing 4: mysite/news/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:pk>/', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URL paths to Python callback functions (“views”). The path strings use parameter tags to

“capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each path, in order, and stops at

the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is

blazingly fast, because the paths are compiled into regular expressions at load time.

Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets

passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the pattern.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, year=2005, month=5, pk=39323).

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 3.2.3.dev

Listing 5: mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

Listing 6: mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 3.2.3.dev

Listing 7: mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This means that a site redesign can be done by changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites by only creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that lets you create RSS and Atom feeds by writing a small Python class.

• More attractive automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all the

possibilities; this guide will guide you to a minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 3.2.3.dev

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ preﬁx):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 3.2, which supports Python 3.6 and later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you

can refer to the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this

page, or update Django to the newest version. If you’re using an older version of Python, check What Python version

can I use with Django? to ﬁnd a compatible version of Django.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please head over to the Getting Help section of the FAQ.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

(continues on next page)

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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