SC-FDMA与LTE上行链路技术解析

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"Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) 是一种用于移动通信，特别是Long Term Evolution (LTE) 上行链路的关键技术。本书由Hyung G. Myung和David J. Goodman合著，深入探讨了SC-FDMA作为LTE新空口界面的重要角色及其优势。 SC-FDMA全称为单载波频分多址，与传统的多载波频分多址(OFDM)相比，它在降低峰均功率比(PAPR)方面表现出色。在OFDM系统中，高PAPR可能导致发射机功耗增加和电池寿命缩短，而SC-FDMA通过将数据分布在多个子载波上，可以显著降低这一问题，从而提高了能源效率。这在LTE系统中尤其重要，因为电池寿命和设备功耗直接影响用户体验。 SC-FDMA的工作原理是首先将数据在时域上进行单载波调制，然后通过频率域上的多址接入实现。这种方法使得SC-FDMA在保持与OFDM相似的数据传输速率的同时，降低了发射机的复杂度和功耗。在LTE网络中，SC-FDMA被用作上行链路的主要调制方式，因为它更适合于移动设备的低功率特性。此外，书中可能还涵盖了与LTE-Advanced相关的内容，这是LTE的演进版本，进一步提升了数据传输速率和网络容量。在LTE-Advanced中，SC-FDMA与其他先进技术如载波聚合、多输入多输出(MIMO)等结合，实现了更高的性能。本书作为学习SC-FDMA的宝典，可能会详细阐述SC-FDMA的系统设计、信道编码、多址接入策略以及与OFDM的比较。读者可以通过阅读了解SC-FDMA如何适应各种无线环境，以及如何优化网络性能，这对于无线通信领域的工程师、研究人员和学生来说是一份宝贵的学习资料。" 注意：由于原文内容有限，以上内容是基于给定的标签和描述进行的扩展解释，具体书籍的详细章节和内容可能需参考实际的PDF文档。

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2 Single Carrier FDMA

speech transmission. Second generation technology, deployed in the 1990s,

transmits speech in digital format. Equally important, second generation

systems introduced advanced security and networking technologies that

make it possible for a subscriber to initiate and receive phone calls through-

out the world.

Even before the earliest second generation systems arrived on the mar-

ket, the cellular community turned its attention to third generation (3G)

technology with the focus on higher bit rates, greater spectrum efﬁciency,

and information services in addition to voice telephony. In 1985, the Inter-

national Telecommunication Union (ITU) initiated studies of Future Public

Land Telecommunication Systems [1]. Fifteen years later, under the head-

ing IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000), the ITU

issued a set of recommendations, endorsing ﬁve technologies as the basis of

3G mobile communications systems. In 2008, cellular operating companies

are deploying two of these technologies, referred to as WCDMA (wideband

code division multiple access) and CDMA2000, where and when they are

justiﬁed by commercial considerations. Meanwhile, the industry is looking

beyond 3G and considering SC-FDMA as a leading candidate for the “long

term evolution” (LTE) of radio transmissions from cellular phones to base

stations. It is anticipated that LTE technology will be deployed commer-

cially around 2010 [2].

With respect to radio technology, successive cellular generations have

migrated to signals transmitted in wider and wider radio frequency bands.

The radio signals of ﬁrst generation systems occupied bandwidths of

25 and 30 kHz, using a variety of incompatible frequency modulation for-

mats. Although some second generation systems occupied equally narrow

bands, the two that are most widely deployed, GSM and CDMA, occupy

bandwidths of 200 kHz and 1.25 MHz, respectively. The third generation

WCDMA system transmits signals in a 5 MHz band. This is the approxi-

mate bandwidth of the version of CDMA2000 referred as 3X-RTT (radio

transmission technology at three times the bandwidth of the second genera-

tion CDMA system). The version of CDMA2000 with a large commercial

market is 1X-RTT. Its signals occupy the same 1.25 MHz bandwidth as

second generation CDMA, and in fact it represents a graceful upgrade of

the original CDMA technology. For this reason, some observers refer to

1X-RTT as a 2.5G technology [3]. Planners anticipate even wider signal

bands for the long term evolution of cellular systems. Orthogonal Fre-

quency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and SC-FDMA are attractive tech-

nologies for the 20 MHz signal bands under consideration for the next gen-

eration of cellular systems.

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Introduction 3

1.2 Standards

The technologies employed in cellular systems are deﬁned formally in doc-

uments referred to as “compatibility speciﬁcations”. A compatibility spec-

iﬁcation is one type of technical standard. Its purpose is to ensure that

two different network elements interact properly. In the context of cellu-

lar communications, the two most obvious examples of interacting equip-

ment types are cellular phones and base stations. As readers of this book

are aware, standards organizations deﬁne a large number of other network

elements necessary for the operation of today’s complex cellular networks.

In addition to cellular phones and base stations, the most familiar cel-

lular network elements are mobile switching centers, home location regis-

ters, and visitor location registers. In referring to standards documents, it

is helpful to keep in mind that the network elements deﬁned in the docu-

ments are “functional” elements, rather than discrete pieces of equipment.

Thus, two different network elements, such as a visitor location register

and a mobile switching center, can appear in the same equipment and the

functions of a single network element (such as a base transceiver station)

can be distributed among dispersed devices.

Figure 1.1 shows the network elements and interfaces in one 3G

system [4]. The network elements (referred to in the standards as “enti-

ties”) are contained in four major groups enclosed by dotted boxes. The

core network (CN) is at the top of the ﬁgure. Below the core network is the

radio access network with three sets of elements; a Base Station System

(BSS) exchanges radio signals with mobile stations (MS) to deliver cir-

cuit switched services, and a corresponding Radio Network System (RNS)

exchanges radio signals with mobile stations to deliver packet switched

services. This book focuses on the radio signals traveling across the air

interfaces. The Um interface applies to circuit switched services carrying

signals between mobile stations and Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). Uu

applies to packet switched services carrying signals between a mobile sta-

tion and a base station system.

1.3 Cellular Standards Organizations 3GPP and 3GPP2

Two Third Generation Partnership Projects publish 3GPP cellular stan-

dards. The original Partnership Project, 3GPP, is concerned with de-

scendents of the Global System for Mobile (GSM). The 3G technolo-

gies standardized by 3GPP are often referred to collectively as WCDMA

(wideband code division multiple access). 3GPP uses two other acronyms

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Introduction 5

Table 1.1 Organizational members of the Partnership Projects

Organizational member Nationality Afﬁliation

Association of Radio Industries and

Businesses

Japan 3GPP and 3GPP2

Alliance for Telecommunication

Industry Solutions

United States 3GPP

China Communications Standards

Association

China 3GPP and 3GPP2

European Telecommunication

Standards Institute

Europe 3GPP

Telecommunications Industry

Association

North America 3GPP2

Telecommunications Technology

Association

Korea 3GPP and 3GPP2

Telecommunication Technology

Committee

Japan 3GPP and 3GPP2

or more of the organizational partners. In October 2006 there were 297

individual members of 3GPP and 82 individual members of 3GPP2.

The technologies embodied in WCDMA and CDMA2000 appear in

hundreds of technical speciﬁcations covering all aspects of a cellular

network. In both Partnership Projects, responsibility for producing the

speciﬁcations is delegated to Technical Speciﬁcation Groups (TSG), each

covering one category of technologies. In 3GPP, the TSGs are further

subdivided into Work Groups (WG). The publication policies of the two

Partnership Projects are different. 3GPP periodically “freezes” a complete

set of standards, including many new speciﬁcations. Each set is referred

to as a “Release”. Each Release is complete in that it incorporates all un-

changed sections of previous standards that are still in effect as well as any

new and changed sections. 3GPP also publishes preliminary speciﬁcations

that will form part of a future Release. By contrast, each TSG in 3GPP2

publishes a new or updated speciﬁcation whenever the speciﬁcation ob-

tains necessary approvals.

Release 5 of WCDMA was frozen in 2002, Release 6 in 2005, and

Release 7 in 2007 [5]. In 2008, LTE speciﬁcations are being ﬁnalized

as Release 8. Two of the innovations in Release 5 are High Speed

Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem

(IMS). In Release 6, the innovations are High Speed Uplink Packet Ac-

cess (HSUPA), the Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS), and

Wireless LAN/cellular interaction, and in Release 7, Multiple Input

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6 Single Carrier FDMA

Multiple Output (MIMO) and higher order modulation. Release 8 deliber-

ations focus on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) of WCDMA. In the Radio

Access Network (RAN), the LTE goals are data rates “up to 100 Mbps in

full mobility wide area deployments and up to 1 Gbps in low mobility, local

area deployments” [6]. For best effort packet communication, the long term

spectral efﬁciency targets are 5–10 b/s/Hz in a single (isolated) cell; and up

to 2–3 b/s/Hz in a multi-cellular case [6]. In this context, SC-FDMA is un-

der consideration for transmission from mobile stations to a Base Station

Subsystem or a Radio Network System.

1.4 IEEE Standards

In addition to the two cellular Partnership Projects, the Institute of Electri-

cal and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has published standards used through-

out the world in products with a mass market. Within the IEEE LAN/MAN

standards committee (Project 802), there are several working groups re-

sponsible for wireless communications technologies. The one with the

greatest inﬂuence to date is IEEE 802.11, responsible for the “WiFi” fam-

ily of wireless local area networks. Two of the networks conforming to the

speciﬁcations IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g employ OFDM technology

for transmission at bit rates up to 54 Mb/s [7,8]. The other working group

standardizing OFDM technology is IEEE 802.16, responsible for wireless

metropolitan area networks. Among the standards produced by this work-

ing group, IEEE802.16e, referred to as “WiMAX” and described in the next

section, most closely resembles technology under consideration by 3GPP

for cellular long term evolution.

1.5 Advanced Mobile Wireless Systems Based on FDMA

Three standards organizations, IEEE, 3GPP, and 3GPP2, have work in

progress on advanced mobile broadband systems using frequency division

transmission technology. The following subsections describe key proper-

ties of Mobile WiMAX (developed by the IEEE), Ultra Mobile Broad-

band (developed by 3GPP2), and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE).

SC-FDMA, the subject of this book, is a component of LTE.

1.5.1 IEEE 802.16e-Based Mobile WiMAX

Following in the footsteps of the highly successful IEEE 802.11 fam-

ily of wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, the IEEE 802.16

Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) began its work of

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