See MIPS Run: 英文版MIPS处理器经典教程

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"See MIPS Run 英文版" 是一本针对MIPS架构的经典教程，适合于正在学习MIPS指令集架构或从事嵌入式系统开发的工程师。这本书由Dominic Sweetman编写，由Morgan Kaufmann Publishers（现为Elsevier的出版印记）发行。在深入探讨"See MIPS Run"的内容之前，先来了解一下MIPS（Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages，无锁步管道阶段微处理器）架构。MIPS是一种精简指令集计算机（RISC）架构，以其高效、高性能和简洁的指令集而闻名。它广泛应用于嵌入式系统、路由器、游戏机以及学术研究等领域。 "See MIPS Run"第二版详细介绍了MIPS架构的各个方面，包括： 1. **MIPS指令集**：书中涵盖了MIPS的不同版本，如MIPS I、II、III、IV、V、MIPS16、MIPS32、MIPS64等，它们各自的特点和改进之处。 2. **处理器设计原理**：讲解了MIPS处理器的基本结构，如寄存器、流水线、内存管理单元、中断处理和异常等。 3. **指令执行流程**：详细阐述了MIPS指令如何从取指、译码、执行到结果写回的整个过程，以及如何通过流水线技术提高性能。 4. **寻址模式和数据类型**：讨论了MIPS支持的各种寻址方式和数据类型，如立即寻址、相对寻址和间接寻址，以及整数、浮点数和向量数据类型的处理。 5. **程序设计和汇编语言**：教授如何编写MIPS汇编语言程序，以及如何进行调试和优化。 6. **高级特性**：涵盖了一些高级特性，如MIPS-3D扩展用于3D图形处理，MIPSV和M4K用于嵌入式应用，以及CorExtend用于增强处理器功能。 7. **系统级编程**：讨论了与操作系统交互的接口，如系统调用和异常处理，这对于嵌入式系统开发者尤为重要。 8. **硬件接口和外设**：讲解如何与MIPS处理器进行I/O通信，以及如何设计和理解处理器与外设之间的接口协议。通过阅读"See MIPS Run"，读者可以全面了解MIPS架构，不仅能够掌握汇编语言编程，还能深入理解处理器内部工作原理，从而更好地进行MIPS平台的软件开发和系统设计。这本书对于提升嵌入式开发人员的技术水平具有极高的价值。

Preface

his book is about MIPS, the cult hit from the mid-1980s’ crop of RISC CPU

designs. These days MIPS is not the highest-volume 32-bit architecture, but

it is in a comfortable second place. Where it wins, hands down, is its range of

applications. A piece of equipment built around a MIPS CPU might have cost

you $35 for a wireless router or hundreds of thousands of dollars for an SGI

supercomputer (though with SGI’s insolvency, those have now reached the end

of the line). Between those extremes are Sony and Nintendo games machines,

many Cisco routers, TV set-top boxes, laser printers, and so on.

The ﬁrst edition of this book has sold close to 10,000 English copies over the

years and has been t ranslated into Chinese. I’m pleased and surprised; I didn’t

know there were so many MIPS programmers out there.

This second edition is See MIPS Run...Linux. The ﬁrst edition struggled

to motivate some features of the MIPS architecture, because they don’t make

sense unless you can see how they help out inside an OS kernel. But now a lot

of you have some sense of how Linux works, and I can quote its source code;

more importantly, I can refer to it knowing that those of you who get interested

can read the source code and ﬁnd out how it’s really done.

So this is a book about the MIPS architecture, but the last three chapters

stroll through the Linux kernel and application-programming system to cast

light on what those weird features do. I hope Linux exper ts will forgive my

relative ignorance of Linux details, but the chance to go for a description of

a real OS running on a real architecture was too good to pass up.

MIPS is a RISC: a useful acronym, well applied to the common features of

a number of computer architectures invented in the 1980s, to realize efﬁcient

pipelined implementation. The acronym CISC is vaguer. I’ll use it in a narrow

sense, for the kind of features found in x86 and other pre-1982 architectures,

designed with microcoded implementations in mind.

Some of you may be up in arms: He’s confusing implementation with archi-

tecture! But while computer architecture is supposed to be a contract with the

xvi Preface

programmer about what programs will run correctly, it’s also an engineering

design in its own right. A computer architecture is designed to make for good

CPUs. As chip design becomes more sophisticated, the trade-offs change.

This book is for programmers, and that’s the test we’ve used to decide what

gets included—if a programmer might see it, or is likely to be interested, it’s

here. That means we don’t get to discuss, for example, the strange system inter-

faces with which MIPS has tortured two generations of hardware design engi-

neers. And your operating system may hide many of the details we talk about

here; there is many an excellent programmer who thinks that C is quite low

level enough, portabilit y a blessing, and detailed knowledge of the architecture

irrelevant. But sometimes you do need to get down to the nuts and bolts—and

human beings are born curious as to how bits of the world work.

A result of this orientation is that we’ll tend to be rather informal when

describing things that may not be familiar to a software engineer—particularly

the inner workings of the CPU—but we’ll get much more terse and techni-

cal when we’re dealing with the stuff programmers have met before, such as

registers, instructions, and how data is stored in memory.

We’ll assume some familiarity and comfort with the C language. Much of

the reference material in the book uses C fragments as a way of compress-

ing operation descriptions, particularly in the chapters on the details of the

instruction set and assembly language.

Some parts of the book are targeted at readers who’ve seen some assembly

language: the ingenuity and peculiarity of the MIPS architecture shows up best

from that viewpoint. But if assembly is a closed book to you, that’s probably

not a disaster.

This book aims to tell you everything you need to know about program-

ming generic MIPS CPUs. More precisely, it descr ibes the architecture as it’s

deﬁned by MIPS Technologies’ MIPS32 and MIPS64—speciﬁcally, the second

release of those speciﬁcations from 2003. We’ll shorten that to “MIPS32/64.”

But this is not just a reference manual: To keep an architecture in your head

means coming to understand it in the round. I also hope the book will interest

students of programming (at college or enrolled in the school of life) who want

to understand a modern CPU architecture all the way through.

If you plan to read this book straight through from front to back, you will

expect to ﬁnd a progression from overview to detail, and you won’t be disap-

pointed. But you’ll also ﬁnd some progression through history; the ﬁrst time

we talk about a concept we’ll usually focus on its ﬁrst version. Hennessy and

Patterson call this “learning through evolution,” and what’s good enough for

them is certainly good enough for me.

We start in Chapter 1 with some history and background, and set MIPS in

context by discussing the technological concerns and ideas that were uppermost

in the minds of its inventors. Then in Chapter 2 we discuss the characteristics

of the MIPS machine language that follow from their approach.

Preface xvii

To help you see the big picture, we leave out the details of processor con-

trol until Chapter 3, which introduces the ugly but eminently practical system

that allows MIPS CPUs to deal with their caches, exceptions and startup, and

memory management. Those last three topics, respectively, become the sub-

jects of Chapters 4 through 6.

The MIPS architecture has been careful to separate out the part of the

instruction set that deals with ﬂoating-point numbers. That separation allows

MIPS CPUs to be built with various levels of ﬂoating-point support, from none

at all through partial implementations to somewhere near the state of the art.

So we have also separated out the ﬂoating-point functions, and we keep them

back until Chapter 7.

Up to this point, the chapters follow a reasonable sequence for getting to

know MIPS. The following chapters change gear and are more like reference

manuals or example-based tutorials.

In Chapter 8, we go through the whole machine instruction set; the inten-

tion is to be precise but much more terse than the standard MIPS reference

works—we cover in 10 pages what takes a hundred in other sources.

Chapter 9

is a brief introduction to reading and writing assembly, and falls far short of an

assembly programming manual.

Chapter 10 is a checklist with helpful hints for those of you who have to

port software between another CPU and a MIPS CPU. The longest section

tackles the troublesome problem of endianness in CPUs, software, and systems.

Chapter 11 is a bare-bones summary of the software conventions (regis-

ter use, argument passing, etc.) necessary to produce interworking software

with different toolkits. Chapter 12 introduces the debug and proﬁling features

standardized for MIPS CPUs.

Then we’re on to seeing how MIPS runs GNU/Linux. We describe relation-

ship between the Linux kernel and a computer architecture in Chapter 13; then

Chapters 14 and 15 dig down into some of the detail as to how the MIPS archi-

tecture does what the Linux kernel needs. Chapter 16 gives you a quick look at

the dynamic linking magic that makes GNU/Linux applications work.

Appendix A covers the MIPS MT (multithreading) extension, probably the

most important addition to the architecture in many years. And Appendix B

describes the more important add-ons: MIPS16, the new MIPS DSP extensions,

and MDMX.

You will also ﬁnd at the end of this book a glossary of terms—a good place

to look for specialized or unfamiliar usage and acronyms—and a list of books,

papers, and online references for further reading.

1. I have taken considerable care in the generation of these tables, and they are mostly right. But if

your system depends on it, be sure to cross-check this information. An excellent source of fairly

reliable information can be found in the behavior and source code of the GNU tool collection—

but I referred to that too, so it’s not completely independent.

xviii Preface

Style and Limits

Every book reﬂects its author, so we’d better make a virtue of it.

Since some of you will be students, I wondered whether I should dis-

tinguish general use from MIPS use. I decided not to; I aim to be speciﬁc

except where it costs the reader nothing to be general. I also try to be con-

crete rather than abstract. I don’t worry overmuch about whatever meaning

terms like “TLB” have in the wider industry, but I explain them in a MIPS

context. Human beings are great generalizers, and this is unlikely to damage

your learning much.

It’s 20 years since I started working with MIPS CPUs in the fall of 1986.

Some of the material in this book goes back as far as 1988, when I started giving

training courses on MIPS architecture. In 1993, I gathered them together to

make a software manual focused on IDT’s R3051 family CPUs. It took quite a

lot of extra material to create the ﬁrst edition, published in 1999.

A lot has happened since 1999. MIPS is now at the very end of its life in

servers with SGI but has carved out a signiﬁcant niche in embedded systems.

Linux has emerged as the most-used OS for embedded MIPS, but there’s

still a lot of diversity in the embedded market. The MIPS speciﬁcations have

been reorganized around MIPS32 and MIPS64 (which this edition regards

as the baseline). This second edition has been in the works for about three

years.

The MIPS story continues; if it did not, we’d only be writing this book for

historians, and Morgan Kaufmann wouldn’t be very interested in publishing it.

MIPS developments that weren’t announced by the end of 2005 are much too

late for this edition.

Conventions

A quick note on the typographical conventions used in this book:

Type in this font (Minion) is running text.

Type in this font (Futura) is a sidebar.

Type in this font (Courier bold) is used for assembly

code and MIPS register names.

Type in this font (Courier) is used for C code and

hexadecimals.

Type in this font (Minion italic, small) is used for hardware signal names.

Preface xix

Acknowledgments

The themes in this book have followed me through my computing career. Mike

Cole got me excited about computing, and I’ve been trying to emulate his skill

in picking out good ideas ever since. In the brief but exciting life of Whitechapel

Workstations (1983–1988), many colleagues taught me something about com-

puter architecture and about how to design hardware—Bob Newman and Rick

Filipkiewicz probably the most. I also have to thank Whitechapel’s salesperson,

Dave Gravell, for originally tur ning me on to MIPS. My fellow engineers dur-

ing the lifetime of Algorithmics Ltd. (Chr is Dearman, Rick Filipkiewicz, Gerald

Onions, Nigel Stephens, and Chris Shaw) have to be doubly thanked, both for

all I’ve learned through innumerable discussions, arguments, and designs and

for putting up with the book’s competition for my time.

Many thanks are due to the reviewers who’ve read chapters over a long

period of time: Phil Bourekas of Integrated Device Technology, Inc.; Thomas

Daniel of the LSI Logic Corporation; Mike Murphy of Silicon Graphics, Inc.;

and David Nagle of Carnegie Mellon University.

On the second edition: I’ve known Paul Cobb for a long time, as we both

worked around MIPS companies. Paul contributed material updating the

historical survey of MIPS CPUs and the programming chapter and cleaning

up the references. In all cases, though, I’ve had a ﬁnal edit—so any errors

are mine.

During the preparation of this edition I’ve been employed by MIPS Tech-

nologies Inc. It’s dangerous to pick out some colleagues and not others, but I’ll

do it anyway.

Ralf Baechle runs the

www.linux-mips.org site, which coordinates MIPS

work on the Linux kernel. He’s been very helpful in dispelling some of the illu-

sions I’d formed about Linux: I started off thinking it was like other operating

systems...(RobertLove’sLinux Kernel Development bookhelpedtoo;Iwarmly

recommend it to anyone who wants a more educated guidebook to the kernel).

Thanks to MIPS Technologies and my various managers for being ﬂexible about

my time, and to many colleagues at MIPS Technologies (too many to name)

who have read and commented on drafts.

Todd Bezenek has been my most persistent colleague/reviewer of this edi-

tion. Reviewers outside MIPS Technologies did it for their love and respect for

the ﬁeld: notable contributers were Steven Hill (Reality Diluted, Inc.), Jun Sun

(DoCoMo USA Labs), Eric DeVolder, and Sophie Wilson.

Denise Penrose is easily the Best Editor Ever. Not many people in Finsbury

Park (my home in North London) can say they’re just ﬂying to San Francisco

for brunch with their publisher.

Last but not least, thanks to Carol O’Brien, who was rash enough to marry

me in the middle of this rewrite.

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