Stable single-mode operation of a distributed
feedback quantum cascade laser integrated
with a distributed Bragg reflector
FENG-MIN CHENG,
1,2,3
ZHI-WEI JIA,
1,2,3
JIN-CHUAN ZHANG,
1,2,3,
*NING ZHUO,
1,2,3
SHEN-QIANG ZHAI,
1,2,3
LI-JUN WANG,
1,2,3
JUN-QI LIU,
1,2,3
SHU-MAN LIU,
1,2,3
FENG-QI LIU,
1,2,3,4
AND ZHAN-GUO WANG
1,2,3
1
Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
2
Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, China
3
College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
4
e-mail: fqliu@semi.ac.cn
*Corresponding author: zhangjinchuan@semi.ac.cn
Received 21 March 2017; revised 12 May 2017; accepted 15 May 2017; posted 17 May 2017 (Doc. ID 290896); published 29 June 2017
We report an index-coupled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser by employing an equivalent phase shift
(EPS) of quarter-wave integrated with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) at λ ∼ 5.03 μm. The EPS is fabricated
through extending one sampling period by 50% in the center of a sampled Bragg grating. The key EPS and DBR
pattern are fabricated by conventional holographic exposure combined with the optical photolithography tech-
nology, which leads to improved flexibility, repeatability, and cost-effectiveness. Stable single-mode emission can
be obtained by changing the injection current or heat sink temperature even under the condition of large driving
pulse width.
© 2017 Chinese Laser Press
OCIS codes: (140.5965) Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade; (050.5080) Phase shift; (140.3490) Lasers, distributed-feedback;
(230.1480) Bragg reflectors.
https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.5.000320
1. INTRODUCTION
The quantum cascade laser (QCL) was demonstrated first in
1994 [1]. As special semiconductor lasers, QCLs are light
sources covering from the mid-/far-infrared to the terahertz
wavelength range. Therefore, QCLs can meet the increasing
needs of applications in gas sensing, high-resolution spectros-
copy, and industrial process monitoring. For practical reasons,
stable single-mode emission is required. To achieve this aim,
QCLs can be fabricated as distributed feedback (DFB) or dis-
tributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. DFB QCLs have at-
tracted much attention for compactness, simple fabrication,
and low cost. Remarkable progress in improving device perfor-
mance has been made [2–5]. In particular, the leading buried
grating approach with an index-coupled mechanism is advanta-
geous for small waveguide loss, and it can achieve very low
threshold current density. However, the precise control of lasing
wavelength and its stability is still a challenge for conventional
index-coupled DFB QCLs. This is because those periodic
structures are dispersive, and they have stopbands of frequen-
cies in which propagation is forbidden. For the index-coupling
mechanism, the stopband is at the center of the Bragg wave-
length, and the spectrum is symmetric with respect to the Bragg
wavelength [6–8]. Specifically, the two DFB band-edge modes
with lower optical loss will lase. However, the optical loss is
influenced by the facet random phase, which is difficult to pre-
cisely control. As a result, true single-mode operation maybe
prevented when the two band-edge modes experience approx-
imately the same amount of gain and loss, and mode hopping
often occurs [9,10]. For solving this problem, an efficient method
is employing a quarter-wave (λ∕4) phase shift (PS) in the grating
region [11]. However, a λ∕4 PS grating cannot be fabricated by
conventional holographic exposure and is usually manufactured
by electron-beam lithography (EBL), which is high cost and time
consuming. Complex-coupled surface grating DFB QCLs can lift
the degeneracy of the two gap modes. Ho wever, the metal in
grating grooves induces optical loss and thus increases threshold
current density, which will bring back the thermal issue on per-
formance [12,13]. Since the stable single-mode operation of DFB
QCLs is significant for practical applications, any effective solu-
tion should be extensively accumulated and studied.
In this work, we designed and fabricated an index-coupled
DFB QCL by employing an equivalent phase shift (EPS) of a
λ∕4 integrated with a DBR at λ ∼ 5.03 μm. Stable single-mode
emission can be obtained by changing the injection current or
heat sink temperature even under the condition of large driving
pulse width.
320
Vol. 5, No. 4 / August 2017 / Photonics Research
Research Article
2327-9125/17/040320-04 Journal © 2017 Chinese Laser Press