CMMI1.3：提升软件开发与项目管理的指南

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"CMMI1.3英文版是软件工程领域的一个重要框架，全称为Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development, Version 1.3。这份文档旨在帮助软件工程师和项目管理人员改进开发过程，以构建更优质的产品和服务。CMMI-DEV V1.3涵盖了需求分析、干系人识别、开发环境构建、验证方法、产品交付、项目总结与提升等多个关键方面，为软件开发流程提供了一套完整的指导原则和最佳实践。" CMMI（能力成熟度模型集成）是一种模型，用于评估和改进组织在软件开发、系统工程、采购和服务提供等领域的过程能力。CMMI V1.3是该模型的一个版本，它强调了过程改进的重要性，以提高效率、质量和客户满意度。 1. 需求分析：CMMI强调在项目开始阶段进行全面的需求收集和分析，确保需求的明确性、完整性和可追踪性。这包括与干系人的有效沟通，制定需求规格说明书，并通过需求管理过程来控制需求变更。 2. 干系人识别：理解并管理项目的干系人是成功的关键。CMMI提供了识别、分类和管理干系人的方法，以确保他们的需求和期望得到满足，同时减少潜在的冲突。 3. 开发环境和验证：CMMI提倡建立稳定、高效的开发环境，包括工具集、版本控制系统和持续集成机制。同时，它强调在开发过程中引入验证机制，如单元测试、集成测试和系统测试，以尽早发现和修复问题。 4. 产品交付：CMMI提供了关于产品质量保证和交付流程的指导，包括配置管理、质量审计和产品发布计划，以确保交付的产品符合预定义的标准和客户需求。 5. 项目总结与提升：项目结束后，CMMI强调进行项目回顾，总结经验教训，识别改进点，并将其转化为未来的项目实践。这一过程有助于组织不断学习和适应变化，提升整体能力。 CMMI-DEV V1.3不仅仅是针对软件开发，它也适用于整个产品生命周期，包括系统工程、硬件工程、采购和维护等领域。通过遵循CMMI模型，组织可以实现过程标准化，提高生产力，减少风险，并最终提升客户满意度。这份文档不仅是理论性的，还包含了大量的实践指南，是软件工程和项目管理从业者的重要参考资料。

CMMI for Development, Version 1.3

Introduction

About Process Improvement

In its research to help organizations to develop and maintain quality

products and services, the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has found

several dimensions that an organization can focus on to improve its

business. Figure 1.1 illustrates the three critical dimensions that

organizations typically focus on: people, procedures and methods, and

tools and equipment.

Procedures and methods

defining the relationship of

tasks

Tools and

equipment

People

with skills,

training, and

motivation

PROCESS

Figure 1.1: The Three Critical Dimensions

What holds everything together? It is the processes used in your

organization. Processes allow you to align the way you do business. They

allow you to address scalability and provide a way to incorporate knowledge

of how to do things better. Processes allow you to leverage your resources

and to examine business trends.

This is not to say that people and technology are not important. We are

living in a world where technology is changing at an incredible speed.

Similarly, people typically work for many companies throughout their

careers. We live in a dynamic world. A focus on process provides the

infrastructure and stability necessary to deal with an ever-changing world

and to maximize the productivity of people and the use of technology to be

competitive.

Manufacturing has long recognized the importance of process effectiveness

and efficiency. Today, many organizations in manufacturing and service

industries recognize the importance of quality processes. Process helps an

organization’s workforce to meet business objectives by helping them to

work smarter, not harder, and with improved consistency. Effective

processes also provide a vehicle for introducing and using new technology

in a way that best meets the business objectives of the organization.

CMMI for Development, Version 1.3

Introduction

About Capability Maturity Models

A Capability Maturity Model

(CMM

), including CMMI, is a simplified

representation of the world. CMMs contain the essential elements of

effective processes. These elements are based on the concepts developed

by Crosby, Deming, Juran, and Humphrey.

In the 1930s, Walter Shewhart began work in process improvement with his

principles of statistical quality control [Shewhart 1931]. These principles

were refined by W. Edwards Deming [Deming 1986], Phillip Crosby [Crosby

1979], and Joseph Juran [Juran 1988]. Watts Humphrey, Ron Radice, and

others extended these principles further and began applying them to

software in their work at IBM (International Business Machines) and the SEI

[Humphrey 1989]. Humphrey’s book, Managing the Software Process,

provides a description of the basic principles and concepts on which many

of the Capability Maturity Models

(CMMs

) are based.

The SEI has taken the process management premise, “the quality of a

system or product is highly influenced by the quality of the process used to

develop and maintain it,” and defined CMMs that embody this premise. The

belief in this premise is seen worldwide in quality movements, as evidenced

by the International Organization for Standardization/International

Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) body of standards.

CMMs focus on improving processes in an organization. They contain the

essential elements of effective processes for one or more disciplines and

describe an evolutionary improvement path from ad hoc, immature

processes to disciplined, mature processes with improved quality and

effectiveness.

Like other CMMs, CMMI models provide guidance to use when developing

processes. CMMI models are not processes or process descriptions. The

actual processes used in an organization depend on many factors,

including application domains and organization structure and size. In

particular, the process areas of a CMMI model typically do not map one to

one with the processes used in your organization.

The SEI created the first CMM designed for software organizations and

published it in a book, The Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines for

Improving the Software Process [SEI 1995].

Today, CMMI is an application of the principles introduced almost a century

ago to this never-ending cycle of process improvement. The value of this

process improvement approach has been confirmed over time.

Organizations have experienced increased productivity and quality,

improved cycle time, and more accurate and predictable schedules and

budgets [Gibson 2006].

Evolution of CMMI

The CMM Integration

project was formed to sort out the problem of using

multiple CMMs. The combination of selected models into a single

CMMI for Development, Version 1.3

Introduction

These three source models were selected because of their successful

adoption or promising approach to improving processes in an organization.

The first CMMI model (V1.02) was designed for use by development

organizations in their pursuit of enterprise-wide process improvement. It

was released in 2000. Two years later version 1.1 was released and four

years after that, version 1.2 was released.

By the time that version 1.2 was released, two other CMMI models were

being planned. Because of this planned expansion, the name of the first

CMMI model had to change to become CMMI for Development and the

concept of constellations was created.

The CMMI for Acquisition model was released in 2007. Since it built on the

CMMI for Development Version 1.2 model, it also was named Version 1.2.

Two years later the CMMI for Services model was released. It built on the

other two models and also was named Version 1.2.

In 2008 plans were drawn to begin developing Version 1.3, which would

ensure consistency among all three models and improve high maturity

material in all of the models. Version 1.3 of CMMI for Acquisition [Gallagher

2011, SEI 2010b], CMMI for Development [Chrissis 2011], and CMMI for

Services [Forrester 2011, SEI 2010a] were released in November 2010.

CMMI Framework

The CMMI Framework provides the structure needed to produce CMMI

models, training, and appraisal components. To allow the use of multiple

models within the CMMI Framework, model components are classified as

either common to all CMMI models or applicable to a specific model. The

common material is called the “CMMI Model Foundation” or “CMF.”

The components of the CMF are part of every model generated from the

CMMI Framework. Those components are combined with material

applicable to an area of interest (e.g., acquisition, development, services) to

produce a model.

A “constellation” is defined as a collection of CMMI components that are

used to construct models, training materials, and appraisal related

documents for an area of interest (e.g., acquisition, development, services).

The Development constellation’s model is called “CMMI for Development”

or “CMMI-DEV.”

CMMI for Development

CMMI for Development is a reference model that covers activities for

developing both products and services. Organizations from many

industries, including aerospace, banking, computer hardware, software,

defense, automobile manufacturing, and telecommunications, use CMMI for

Development.

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