Verilog HDL入门：第五版Mano Digital Design详解

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"《Mano Digital Design 5E》是一本专为计算机工程和电子与计算机工程领域设计的权威教材，由M.Morris Mano和Michael D. Ciletti两位知名学者合著。该书在美国版第五版中，聚焦于数字设计的核心概念，特别强调了Verilog HDL（硬件描述语言）的介绍。Verilog HDL是一种广泛应用于现代集成电路设计中的高级硬件描述语言，它允许设计师以接近软件编程的方式来描述电子系统的逻辑结构。书中内容涵盖了电子数字计算机电路的基础知识，包括逻辑电路的设计原则和技术。重点在于逻辑设计，深入探讨了数字集成电路的设计流程，以及如何利用Verilog HDL进行系统级和行为级的描述。对于初学者来说，这本书提供了全面的理论指导，而对经验丰富的工程师而言，则是提高设计效率和精确度的重要参考。作者们以其丰富的教学经验和深厚的专业背景，确保了本书内容的严谨性和实用性。此外，该书还配以详细的实例分析和练习题，帮助读者逐步掌握Verilog HDL的语法和应用技巧。在出版方面，这本书得到了广泛的国际认可，发行覆盖全球多个城市，体现了其在国际数字设计教育领域的影响力。《Mano Digital Design 5E》不仅是学习和研究数字电路设计的必备教材，也是工程师职业发展过程中的重要参考资料，无论是作为课堂教科书还是个人自学的工具，都能为读者提供扎实的理论基础和实践经验。对于那些希望通过深入理解Verilog HDL来提升电路设计能力的读者，这本书无疑是一份不可多得的宝典。"

xiv Preface

Chapter 4 outlines the formal procedures for the analysis and design of combina-

tional circuits. Some basic components used in the design of digital systems, such as

adders and code converters, are introduced as design examples. Frequently used digital

logic functions such as parallel adders and subtractors, decoders, encoders, and multi-

plexers are explained, and their use in the design of combinational circuits is illustrated.

HDL examples are given in gatelevel, dataflow, and behavioral models to show the

alternative ways available for describing combinational circuits in Verilog HDL. The

procedure for writing a simple test bench to provide stimulus to an HDL design is

presented.

Chapter 5 outlines the formal procedures for analyzing and designing clocked (syn-

chronous) sequential circuits. The gate structure of several types of flipflops is presented

together with a discussion on the difference between level and edge triggering. Specific

examples are used to show the derivation of the state table and state diagram when

analyzing a sequential circuit. A number of design examples are presented with empha-

sis on sequential circuits that use Dtype flipflops. Behavioral modeling in Verilog HDL

for sequential circuits is explained. HDL Examples are given to illustrate Mealy and

Moore models of sequential circuits.

Chapter 6 deals with various sequential circuit components such as registers, shift

registers, and counters. These digital components are the basic building blocks from

which more complex digital systems are constructed. HDL descriptions of shift registers

and counter are presented.

Chapter 7 deals with random access memory (RAM) and programmable logic

devices. Memory decoding and error correction schemes are discussed. Combinational

and sequential programmable devices such as ROMs, PLAs, PALs, CPLDs, and FPGAs

are presented.

Chapter 8 deals with the register transfer level (RTL) representation of digital sys-

tems. The algorithmic state machine (ASM) chart is introduced. A number of examples

demonstrate the use of the ASM chart, ASMD chart, RTL representation, and HDL

description in the design of digital systems. The design of a finite state machine to con-

trol a datapath is presented in detail, including the realistic situation in which status

signals from the datapath are used by the state machine that controls it. This chapter is

the most important chapter in the book as it provides the student with a systematic

approach to more advanced design projects.

Chapter 9 outlines experiments that can be performed in the laboratory with hard-

ware that is readily available commercially. The operation of the ICs used in the

experiments is explained by referring to diagrams of similar components introduced

in previous chapters. Each experiment is presented informally and the student is

expected to design the circuit and formulate a procedure for checking its operation

in the laboratory. The lab experiments can be used in a standalone manner too and

can be accomplished by a traditional approach, with a breadboard and TTL circuits,

or with an HDL/synthesis approach using FPGAs. Today, software for synthesizing

an HDL model and implementing a circuit with an FPGA is available at no cost from

vendors of FPGAs, allowing students to conduct a significant amount of work in their

personal environment before using prototyping boards and other resources in a lab.

Chapter 1

Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

1.1 DIGITAL SYSTEMS

Digital systems have such a prominent role in everyday life that we refer to the present

technological period as the digital age. Digital systems are used in communication, busi-

ness transactions, traffic control, spacecraft guidance, medical treatment, weather mon-

itoring, the Internet, and many other commercial, industrial, and scientific enterprises.

We have digital telephones, digital televisions, digital versatile discs, digital cameras,

handheld devices, and, of course, digital computers. We enjoy music downloaded to our

portable media player (e.g., iPod Touch™) and other handheld devices having high

resolution displays. These devices have graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which enable

them to execute commands that appear to the user to be simple, but which, in fact,

involve precise execution of a sequence of complex internal instructions. Most, if not all,

of these devices have a specialpurpose digital computer embedded within them. The

most striking property of the digital computer is its generality. It can follow a sequence

of instructions, called a program, that operates on given data. The user can specify and

change the program or the data according to the specific need. Because of this flexibil-

ity, generalpurpose digital computers can perform a variety of informationprocessing

tasks that range over a wide spectrum of applications.

One characteristic of digital systems is their ability to represent and manipulate dis-

crete elements of information. Any set that is restricted to a finite number of elements

contains discrete information. Examples of discrete sets are the 10 decimal digits, the

26 letters of the alphabet, the 52 playing cards, and the 64 squares of a chessboard. Early

digital computers were used for numeric computations. In this case, the discrete ele-

ments were the digits. From this application, the term digital computer emerged. Dis-

crete elements of information are represented in a digital system by physical quantities

2 Chapter 1 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

called signals. Electrical signals such as voltages and currents are the most common.

Electronic devices called transistors predominate in the circuitry that implements these

signals. The signals in most presentday electronic digital systems use just two discrete

values and are therefore said to be binary. A binary digit, called a bit, has two values: 0

and 1. Discrete elements of information are represented with groups of bits called binary

codes. For example, the decimal digits 0 through 9 are represented in a digital system

with a code of four bits (e.g., the number 7 is represented by 0111). How a pattern of

bits is interpreted as a number depends on the code system in which it resides. To make

this distinction, we could write (0111)

to indicate that the pattern 0111 is to be inter-

preted in a binary system, and (0111)

to indicate that the reference system is decimal.

Then 0111

= 7

, which is not the same as 0111

, or one hundred eleven. The subscript

indicating the base for interpreting a pattern of bits will be used only when clarification

is needed. Through various techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent discrete

symbols, not necessarily numbers, which are then used to develop the system in a digital

format. Thus, a digital system is a system that manipulates discrete elements of informa-

tion represented internally in binary form. In today’s technology, binary systems are most

practical because, as we will see, they can be implemented with electronic components.

Discrete quantities of information either emerge from the nature of the data being

processed or may be quantized from a continuous process. On the one hand, a payroll

schedule is an inherently discrete process that contains employee names, social security

numbers, weekly salaries, income taxes, and so on. An employee’s paycheck is processed

by means of discrete data values such as letters of the alphabet (names), digits (salary),

and special symbols (such as $). On the other hand, a research scientist may observe a

continuous process, but record only specific quantities in tabular form. The scientist is

thus quantizing continuous data, making each number in his or her table a discrete

quantity. In many cases, the quantization of a process can be performed automatically

by an analogtodigital converter, a device that forms a digital (discrete) representation

of a analog (continuous) quantity.

The generalpurpose digital computer is the bestknown example of a digital system.

The major parts of a computer are a memory unit, a central processing unit, and input–

output units. The memory unit stores programs as well as input, output, and intermedi-

ate data. The central processing unit performs arithmetic and other dataprocessing

operations as specified by the program. The program and data prepared by a user are

transferred into memory by means of an input device such as a keyboard. An output

device, such as a printer, receives the results of the computations, and the printed results

are presented to the user. A digital computer can accommodate many input and output

devices. One very useful device is a communication unit that provides interaction with

other users through the Internet. A digital computer is a powerful instrument that can

perform not only arithmetic computations, but also logical operations. In addition, it can

be programmed to make decisions based on internal and external conditions.

There are fundamental reasons that commercial products are made with digital cir-

cuits. Like a digital computer, most digital devices are programmable. By changing the

program in a programmable device, the same underlying hardware can be used for many

different applications, thereby allowing its cost of development to be spread across a

wider customer base. Dramatic cost reductions in digital devices have come about

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Verilog HDL入门：第五版Mano Digital Design详解

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