MySQL性能优化与高可用架构实战指南

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《高性能MySQL:第三版》是一本由Baron Schwartz、Peter Zaitsev和Vadim Tkachenko合著的专业书籍，主要关注MySQL数据库在实际应用中的性能优化与高可用性和可扩展性架构设计。该书以MySQL基础知识和日常维护为起点，深入探讨了如何提升数据库系统的性能，确保在处理大量数据和复杂查询时仍能保持高效运行。书中内容涵盖了多个关键主题，包括但不限于： 1. **MySQL基础**：作者首先会介绍MySQL的基本概念、安装、配置和管理，确保读者对这个流行的开源关系型数据库有扎实的理解。 2. **查询优化**：性能调优的核心在于优化查询执行。这包括索引策略、SQL语句编写技巧、统计信息的管理和维护，以及查询缓存的使用等。 3. **存储引擎优化**：不同存储引擎（如InnoDB、MyISAM等）各有特点，了解它们的优缺点有助于选择和调整最合适的引擎以提高性能。 4. **硬件和系统层面**：讲解如何利用硬件资源（如CPU、内存、磁盘I/O）和操作系统设置来提升MySQL服务器性能，例如通过分区、复制和分片等技术。 5. **并发和锁机制**：理解MySQL的并发控制和锁定机制对于避免死锁和提高并发性能至关重要。 6. **高可用性设计**：书中会讨论主从复制、集群、读写分离等技术，帮助读者构建能够承受故障和负载的分布式数据库架构。 7. **监控和诊断**：提供实用工具和技术，如性能监视器、慢查询日志分析，以及如何识别和解决性能瓶颈。 8. **最佳实践与案例分享**：基于作者多年实践经验，书中包含了许多实用的建议和案例研究，使读者能够在实际环境中灵活应用所学知识。《高性能MySQL:第三版》不仅适合数据库管理员和开发人员，也适用于系统架构师和运维工程师，因为它提供了全面且深入的MySQL性能调优和架构设计指南。随着MySQL在全球范围内广泛使用，这本书的重要性日益凸显，对于任何希望提升数据库性能并实现系统稳定运行的人来说，都是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。

E. Debugging Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

F. Using Sphinx with MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

xiv | Table of Contents

Foreword

I’ve been a fan of this book for years, and the third edition makes a great book even

better. Not only do world-class experts share that expertise, but they have taken the

time to update and add chapters with high-quality writing. While the book has many

details on getting high performance from MySQL, the focus of the book is on the pro-

cess of improvement rather than facts and trivia. This book will help you figure out

how to make things better, regardless of changes in MySQL’s behavior over time.

The authors are uniquely qualified to write this book, based on their experience, prin-

cipled approach, focus on efficiency, and commitment to improvement. By experi-

ence, I mean that the authors have been working on MySQL performance from the days

when it didn’t scale and had no instrumentation to the current period where things are

much better. By principled approach, I mean that they treat this like a science, first

defining problems to be solved and then using reason and measurement to solve those

problems.

I am most impressed by their focus on efficiency. As consultants, they don’t have the

luxury of time. Clients getting billed by the hour want problems solved quickly. So the

authors have defined processes and built tools to get things done correctly and effi-

ciently. They describe the processes in this book and publish source code for the tools.

Finally, they continue to get better at what they do. This includes a shift in concern

from throughput to response time, a commitment to understanding the performance

of MySQL on new hardware, and a pursuit of new skills like queueing theory that can

be used to understand performance.

I believe this book augurs a bright future for MySQL. As MySQL has evolved to support

demanding workloads, the authors have led a similar effort to improve the under-

standing of MySQL performance within the community. They have also contributed

directly to that improvement via XtraDB and XtraBackup. I continue to learn from them

and hope you take the time to do so as well.

—Mark Callaghan, Software Engineer, Facebook

Preface

We wrote this book to serve the needs of not just the MySQL application developer

but also the MySQL database administrator. We assume that you are already relatively

experienced with MySQL. We also assume some experience with general system ad-

ministration, networking, and Unix-like operating systems.

The second edition of this book presented a lot of information to readers, but no book

can provide complete coverage of a topic. Between the second and third editions, we

took notes on literally thousands of interesting problems we’d solved or seen others

solve. When we started to outline the third edition, it became clear that not only would

full coverage of these topics require three to five thousand pages, but the book still

wouldn’t be complete. After reflecting on this problem, we realized that the second

edition’s emphasis on deep coverage was actually self-limiting, in the sense that it often

didn’t teach readers how to think about MySQL.

As a result, this third edition has a different focus from the second edition. We still

convey a lot of information, and we still emphasize the same goals, such as reliability

and correctness. But we’ve also tried to imbue the book with a deeper purpose: we want

to teach the principles of why MySQL works as it does, not just the facts about how it

works. We’ve included more illustrative stories and case studies, which demonstrate

the principles in action. We build on these to try to answer questions such as “Given

MySQL’s internal architecture and operation, what practical effects arise in real usage?

Why do those effects matter? How do they make MySQL well suited (or not well suited)

for particular needs?”

Ultimately, we hope that your knowledge of MySQL’s internals will help you in situa-

tions beyond the scope of this book. And we hope that your newfound insight will help

you to learn and practice a methodical approach to designing, maintaining, and trou-

bleshooting systems that are built on MySQL.

How This Book Is Organized

We fit a lot of complicated topics into this book. Here, we explain how we put them

together in an order that makes them easier to learn.

xvii

A Broad Overview

Chapter 1, MySQL Architecture and History is dedicated to the basics—things you’ll

need to be familiar with before you dig in deeply. You need to understand how MySQL

is organized before you’ll be able to use it effectively. This chapter explains MySQL’s

architecture and key facts about its storage engines. It helps you get up to speed if you

aren’t familiar with some of the fundamentals of a relational database, including trans-

actions. This chapter will also be useful if this book is your introduction to MySQL but

you’re already familiar with another database, such as Oracle. We also include a bit of

historical context: the changes to MySQL over time, recent ownership changes, and

where we think it’s headed.

Building a Solid Foundation

The early chapters cover material we hope you’ll reference over and over as you use

MySQL.

Chapter 2, Benchmarking MySQL discusses the basics of benchmarking—that is, de-

termining what sort of workload your server can handle, how fast it can perform certain

tasks, and so on. Benchmarking is an essential skill for evaluating how the server be-

haves under load, but it’s also important to know when it’s not useful.

Chapter 3, Profiling Server Performance introduces you to the response time–oriented

approach we take to troubleshooting and diagnosing server performance problems.

This framework has proven essential to solving some of the most puzzling cases we’ve

seen. Although you might choose to modify our approach (we developed it by modi-

fying Cary Millsap’s approach, after all), we hope you’ll avoid the pitfalls of not having

any method at all.

In Chapters 4 through 6, we introduce three topics that together form the foundation

for a good logical and physical database design. In Chapter 4, Optimizing Schema and

Data Types, we cover the various nuances of data types and table design. Chapter 5,

Indexing for High Performance extends the discussion to indexes—that is, physical

database design. A firm understanding of indexes and how to use them well is essential

for using MySQL effectively, so you’ll probably find yourself returning to this chapter

repeatedly. And Chapter 6, Query Performance Optimization wraps the topics together

by explaining how MySQL executes queries and how you can take advantage of its

query optimizer’s strengths. This chapter also presents specific examples of many com-

mon classes of queries, illustrating where MySQL does a good job and how to transform

queries into forms that use its strengths.

Up to this point, we’ve covered the basic topics that apply to any database: tables,

indexes, data, and queries. Chapter 7, Advanced MySQL Features goes beyond the

basics and shows you how MySQL’s advanced features work. We examine topics such

as partitioning, stored procedures, triggers, and character sets. MySQL’s implementa-

tion of these features is different from other databases, and a good understanding of

xviii | Preface

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