SAGA GIS 5.0用户指南：免费开源的地理信息系统

用户指南

GIS

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"UserGuideV5.pdf 是一份关于SAGA GIS软件的用户指南，版本5.0，由Vern Cimmery编写，发布于2018年5月。该指南遵循Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike许可协议，允许复制、分发和修改。SAGA（System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses）是一款免费开源的地理信息系统，主要由Jürgen Böhner教授领导的Geosystem Analysis工作小组创建和发展。当前版本的SAGA归功于Rüdiger Köthe和Andre Ringe等核心开发者的创新和贡献。" SAGA GIS是一个强大的地理信息系统，主要用于地理科学分析。它提供了大量的模块和工具，涵盖了从数据处理到模型构建的多个领域。以下是SAGA GIS的一些关键知识点： 1. **数据处理**：SAGA支持多种地理数据格式，包括栅格和矢量数据。它可以进行数据导入、导出、裁剪、重采样、投影转换等操作，确保数据在分析前的准备。 2. **地形分析**：SAGA具有强大的地形分析功能，如坡度、坡向、曲率计算，地形特征线提取（如河流网络、山谷脊线），以及地形衍生变量的生成。 3. **遥感处理**：SAGA可以处理多光谱和雷达遥感数据，包括辐射校正、大气校正、分类、变化检测等。 4. **空间统计**：提供各种空间统计方法，如克里金插值、趋势面分析、空间自相关性检验等，用于探索空间模式和关系。 5. **景观生态学**：SAGA适用于景观生态学研究，有斑块分析、景观多样性指数计算、连通性分析等功能。 6. **模型构建**：SAGA支持用户自定义算法和流程，通过脚本语言（如Python或Perl）构建复杂的空间分析模型。 7. **网格系统**：SAGA采用基于网格的数据结构，这使得处理大规模数据更为高效，并且能够处理不规则格网数据。 8. **用户界面**：SAGA提供了图形用户界面（GUI），使得非编程背景的用户也能方便地使用其功能。此外，它还支持命令行操作，便于自动化工作流程。 9. **社区支持**：作为一个开源项目，SAGA拥有活跃的用户社区，提供技术支持、教程和案例分享，帮助用户解决问题并学习新技能。 10. **持续发展**：随着SAGA的不断更新，新版本通常会引入更多新功能、性能优化和错误修复，保持其在GIS领域的竞争力。 SAGA GIS是一个全面的地理信息系统，适用于地理学家、环境科学家、城市规划师、生态学家等不同领域的专业人员，用于进行复杂的地理空间分析任务。通过UserGuideV5.pdf，用户可以获得详细的使用指导，掌握SAGA的各种功能和操作方法。

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1. Location of Washington State, USA............................................................................. 4

Figure 1-2 Mason County, Washington State. ................................................................................ 4

Figure 2-1. The parts of a SAGA work area window. ................................................................... 10

Figure 2-2. Zoomed in view of the Menu Bar area. ...................................................................... 11

Figure 2-3. The default Toolbar set of 8 icons. ............................................................................. 13

Figure 2-4. The Menu Bar File dropdown menu of options. ......................................................... 14

Figure 2-5. The 'Load' window. ..................................................................................................... 15

Figure 2-6. The ‘Startup Project’ parameter. ................................................................................. 17

Figure 2-7. Opening dialog window. ............................................................................................. 18

Figure 2-8. The Menu Bar File "Project" options. ........................................................................ 19

Figure 2-9. The ‘Load Project’ dialog window. ............................................................................ 19

Figure 2-10. The "Close all data sets” message. ........................................................................... 20

Figure 2-11. The 'Search for Projects' dialog window. ................................................................. 21

Figure 2-12. The 'Open Project' dialog window. ........................................................................... 21

Figure 2-13. The 'Close' dialog window. ....................................................................................... 22

Figure 2-14. The 'Save Project' dialog window. ............................................................................ 22

Figure 2-15. The 'Confirm Save As' dialog window. .................................................................... 23

Figure 2-16. The ‘Save Project’ dialog window............................................................................ 24

Figure 2-17. The "Data" section popup list of options. ................................................................. 25

Figure 2-18. The 'Locate...' dialog window used with the "Search for..." option. ......................... 25

Figure 2-19. The ‘Load Table’ dialog window. ............................................................................ 26

Figure 2-20. The ‘1MCschooldists.dbf’ attribute table file. .......................................................... 27

Figure 2-21. The ‘Load Shapes’ dialog window. .......................................................................... 28

Figure 2-22. The ‘Load Point Cloud’ dialog window. .................................................................. 30

Figure 2-23. The ‘Load Grid’ dialog window. .............................................................................. 32

Figure 2-24. The parameters window for the "Load Grid Collection" command. ........................ 34

Figure 2-25. The ‘Exit’ dialog window. ........................................................................................ 35

Figure 2-26. Using the ‘Save’ parameter in the ‘Close and save modified data sets…’ dialog

window. ................................................................................................................................ 35

Figure 2-27. Accessing File options from the “Data” and “Grids” sections in the Data tab area of

the Manager window. ........................................................................................................... 36

Figure 2-28. The ‘Load Tool Library’ dialog window. ................................................................. 37

Figure 2-29. The first 'Run Tool' dialog window. ......................................................................... 38

Figure 2-30. The second 'Run Tool' dialog window...................................................................... 39

Figure 2-31. The Menu Bar Window dropdown menu of options. ............................................... 41

Figure 2-32. The SAGA display with no windows showing. ........................................................ 42

Figure 2-33. The SAGA Manager window. .................................................................................. 43

Figure 2-34. Options available in the Data area of the Manager. .................................................. 44

Figure 2-35. The Object Properties window of the SAGA display. .............................................. 45

Figure 2-36. The grid layer ‘1MCdem30’ Settings tab area of the Object Properties window. .... 46

Figure 2-37. The Description tab area for the '1MCdem30' layer in the Object Properties window.

.............................................................................................................................................. 47

Figure 2-38. The Legend tab display in the Object Properties Window for a DEM grid layer and a

railroad line shape layer. ....................................................................................................... 48

Figure 2-39. Displaying the "Elevation" and "Rail Lines" legends. .............................................. 48

Figure 2-40. The History tab display in the Object Properties window for a layer created by the

Terrain Analysis - Preprocessing/Sink Removal tool. .......................................................... 49

Figure 2-41. Displaying data for the '1MCschoolDist' layer in the Attributes tab area. ................ 49

Figure 2-42. A typical "Show Message Window" display. ........................................................... 50

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Figure 2-43. Execution tab information in the Messages window for the ‘Calculator’ tool. ........ 51

Figure 2-44. Using the "Cascade" option to organize map view windows. .................................. 52

Figure 2-45. Using the "Tile" option to organize map view windows. ......................................... 53

Figure 3-1. The Menu Bar Geoprocessing dropdown menu of options. ....................................... 55

Figure 3-2. The ‘Load Tool Library’ dialog window. ................................................................... 56

Figure 3-3. The 'Run Tool' dialog window. ................................................................................... 57

Figure 3-4. A second 'Run Tool' dialog window. .......................................................................... 58

Figure 3-5. Selecting the Grid Buffer tool for execution. .............................................................. 59

Figure 3-6. The Tools tab list of tool libraries. .............................................................................. 60

Figure 3-7. An expanded option list for Grid - Gridding. ............................................................. 61

Figure 3-8. The parameter settings page for the Morphometric Features tool.............................. 62

Figure 3-9. The Settings tab area of the Object Properties window for the Grid Normalisation

tool. ....................................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 3-10. The documentation in the Description tab area for the Grid Normalisation tool. .... 67

Figure 3-11. The Data tab area of the Manager for a work session. .............................................. 69

Figure 3-12. Choosing the grid system for the ‘Grid system’ parameter. ..................................... 70

Figure 3-13. The tool settings page showing the input ‘>>Grid’ parameter being chosen. .......... 71

Figure 3-14. The ‘Grids’ dialog window for building an input list. .............................................. 72

Figure 3-15. The 'Input Grids' window for the Mosaicking tool. .................................................. 73

Figure 3-16. The “Invalid parameters!” message. ......................................................................... 74

Figure 3-17. Looking at the choices for an output parameter. ...................................................... 74

Figure 3-18. The settings page for the Shapes - Points/Add Polygon Attributes to Points tool. ... 75

Figure 3-19. The 'Parameters' window for selecting one or more attributes for data values. ........ 76

Figure 3-20. The “Tool Libraries” heading selected. .................................................................... 77

Figure 3-21. The parameter settings for the Tool Libraries. ......................................................... 78

Figure 3-22. The SAGA startup logo. ........................................................................................... 78

Figure 3-23: The 'Restart SAGA to apply the changes' window. .................................................. 80

Figure 3-24. Comparing button sizes 16 and 24. ........................................................................... 81

Figure 4-1. A general outline of the "Data" parameters. ............................................................... 93

Figure 4-2. The "General" parameters and their settings. ............................................................. 93

Figure 4-3. The 'Map Window Arrangement' parameter options. ................................................. 94

Figure 4-4. A comparison showing 3 integers for numbering versus no numbering. ................... 95

Figure 4-5. The "History" parameters. .......................................................................................... 96

Figure 4-6. The "Thumbnails" section parameters. ....................................................................... 96

Figure 4-7. The "Grids" section parameters. ................................................................................. 97

Figure 4-8. The "Tables" section parameters. ............................................................................. 101

Figure 4-9. Comparing the tree and thumbnail views of the Data tab area in the Manager. ....... 103

Figure 4-10. Icons used in the tree display. ................................................................................. 104

Figure 4-11. A portion of the Data tab area of the Manager. ...................................................... 105

Figure 4-12. The ‘Delete’ dialog window. .................................................................................. 107

Figure 4-13. The ‘Save Modified Data’ dialog window. ............................................................ 108

Figure 4-14. The ‘Save’ dialog window for entering a file name and storage path. ................... 109

Figure 4-15. The 'Add layer to selected map' dialog window. ................................................... 110

Figure 4-16. The ‘Save Grid’ dialog window used with the "Save As…" option. ...................... 111

Figure 4-17. The 'Coordinate Reference System Picker' parameters window. ........................... 113

Figure 4-18. A histogram for a DEM grid layer. ......................................................................... 114

Figure 4-19. The legend for the ‘MCdem30’ DEM grid layer. ................................................... 115

Figure 4-20. Using the histogram to adjust a grid layer color display. ....................................... 116

Figure 4-21. The ‘Select a layer to copy settings from it’ dialog window. ................................. 117

Figure 4-22. The three 'Create Lookup Table' dialog windows. ................................................. 118

Figure 4-23. The 'Colors' dialog window. ................................................................................... 119

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Figure 4-24. The 'Input' dialog window for the 'Count' variable. ................................................ 120

Figure 4-25. The 'Create Lookup Table' dialog window. ............................................................ 121

Figure 4-26. The 10-class "equal intervals" lookup table. ........................................................... 122

Figure 4-27. The 10-class "equal intervals" histogram. .............................................................. 123

Figure 4-28. The number of grid cells in each data display class................................................ 123

Figure 4-29 . An example of a 10-class "quantiles" lookup table. .............................................. 124

Figure 4-30. A 10-class "quantiles" histogram. ........................................................................... 125

Figure 4-31. The number of grid cells in each data class of a "quantiles" histogram. ................ 125

Figure 4-32. The 'Create Lookup Table' dialog window. ............................................................ 126

Figure 4-33. The 10-class "equal intervals" lookup table. ........................................................... 127

Figure 4-34. The 10-class "equal intervals" histogram. .............................................................. 128

Figure 4-35. The number of grid cells in each data class. ........................................................... 128

Figure 4-36. The 10-class "quantiles" lookup table..................................................................... 129

Figure 4-37. The 10-class "quantiles" histogram. ....................................................................... 130

Figure 4-38. The "COUNT" column: number of grid cells in each data class. ........................... 130

Figure 4-39. The dialog window for the grid layer "Save As Image…" option. ......................... 131

Figure 4-40. The ‘Save Grid as Image…’ dialog window. ......................................................... 132

Figure 4-41. Images saved using the grid layer "Save As Image…" option. .............................. 133

Figure 4-42. The georeference file (.jgw) content. ...................................................................... 133

Figure 4-43. The ‘Scatterplot: MCdem30’ parameter settings window. ..................................... 134

Figure 4-44. The scatter plot 'Options' parameters window. ....................................................... 136

Figure 4-45. Linear Regression formulae options. ...................................................................... 137

Figure 4-46. Comparing the "Density" and "Points" options. ..................................................... 137

Figure 4-47. Comparing the 'Display Resolution' parameter entries 20 and 40. ......................... 138

Figure 4-48. The 'Options' parameters used for the example scatter plot. ................................... 139

Figure 4-49. The ‘Scatterplot: 1MCdem30’ parameter settings window using the

‘1MCslopeDegrees’ grid layer............................................................................................ 139

Figure 4-50. The '1MCdem30' versus '1MCslopeDegrees' scatter plot. ...................................... 140

Figure 4-51. An example of 'Regression Detail' information. ..................................................... 141

Figure 4-52. The Diagram 'Properties' window. .......................................................................... 142

Figure 4-53. ‘Properties’ settings for the ‘MCschoolDist’ diagram example. ............................ 143

Figure 4-54. A diagram view window for school district population.......................................... 144

Figure 4-55. The Menu Bar Diagram dropdown menu. .............................................................. 144

Figure 4-56. The 'Save Table' dialog window. ............................................................................ 145

Figure 4-57. Comparing map view windows of the '1MCroadsAll' and '1MasonParcelsVal' layers.

............................................................................................................................................ 148

Figure 4-58. The 'Snap to...' window. .......................................................................................... 150

Figure 4-59. The popup list of edit options. ................................................................................ 151

Figure 4-60. A popup list of available edit options for a selected object. ................................... 152

Figure 4-61. The "Edit Selection" updates the appearance of a selected line object. .................. 153

Figure 4-62. Edit options for a selected line object. .................................................................... 154

Figure 4-63. The 'Apply Changes' dialog window. ..................................................................... 154

Figure 4-64. A salt-water lagoon body of water. ......................................................................... 158

Figure 4-65. The salt water lagoon body of water less the two islands. ...................................... 159

Figure 4-66. The location of fire hydrant 03001. ........................................................................ 160

Figure 4-67. The new East View road extension......................................................................... 161

Figure 4-68. New road on Stretch Island. .................................................................................... 162

Figure 4-69. The Chatterbox Creek clear-cut. ............................................................................. 163

Figure 4-70. The polygon object boundary points. ..................................................................... 164

Figure 4-71. The new polygon object and its' associated attribute data. ..................................... 165

Figure 4-72. The "Classification" list of options. ........................................................................ 166

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Figure 4-73. The Attributes menu option "Show". ...................................................................... 168

Figure 4-74. The attribute table linked to the '1pc3304sub' point cloud layer. ........................... 168

Figure 5-1. List of layers in the Data tab area of the Workspace. ............................................... 170

Figure 5-2. Menu Bar Map dropdown options. ........................................................................... 171

Figure 5-3. Options available from the "Maps" title in the Maps tab area. ................................. 172

Figure 5-4. Map view window parameters list. ........................................................................... 173

Figure 5-5. The 'Add layer to selected map' dialog. .................................................................... 174

Figure 5-6. A new map view window for displaying the ‘1MCrelief’ grid layer........................ 175

Figure 5-7. The Maps tab area and a portion of the workspace. ................................................. 176

Figure 5-8. Two map view windows display in the work area. ................................................... 178

Figure 5-9. “08. 1MCrelief” with two layers displayed. ............................................................. 179

Figure 5-10. Menu options available from a map layer. ............................................................. 180

Figure 5-11. A zoomed in view in the '1MasonParcels' map view window. ............................... 181

Figure 5-12. Example of using ‘Adjust Histogram Stretch to Map Extent’. ............................... 182

Figure 5-13. The "Maps" title set of parameters.......................................................................... 184

Figure 5-14. The default parameters for a new map view window. ............................................ 184

Figure 5-15. Looking at the 'Zoom to added layer' parameter. ................................................... 185

Figure 5-16. Comparing a map view window with a frame and one without. ............................ 186

Figure 5-17. Comparing map view window frame widths 20 and 40. ........................................ 187

Figure 5-18. Comparing two different sizes for the 'Thumbnail Size' parameter. ....................... 188

Figure 5-19. A map view window parameters list. ...................................................................... 190

Figure 5-20. The map parameters settings for the ’01. 1MCrelief’ map. .................................... 191

Figure 5-21. The Maps tab area of the Manager and Settings tab area of the Object Properties

window after changing the ‘Name’ parameter.................................................................... 192

Figure 5-22. An example of using the ‘Zoom to added layer’ parameter. .................................. 193

Figure 5-23. Displaying the map view window frame. ............................................................... 195

Figure 5-24. Comparing two frame widths, 17 and 22. ............................................................... 195

Figure 5-25. Comparing map view window extent and map extent. ........................................... 197

Figure 5-26. An example of using the "Scale Bar". .................................................................... 198

Figure 5-27. An example of using a "scale line" scale bar. ......................................................... 199

Figure 5-28. The "Print Layout" category of parameters. ........................................................... 200

Figure 5-29. The parameters for the 'Graticule' layer. ................................................................. 202

Figure 5-30. The 'BASEMAP' dialog window. ........................................................................... 206

Figure 6-1. The Menu Bar Map menu. ........................................................................................ 210

Figure 6-2. The Map menu dropdown list of options. ................................................................. 211

Figure 6-3. Map view window options list. ................................................................................. 212

Figure 6-4. Map menu option icons added to the toolbar. ........................................................... 212

Figure 6-5. Comparing 3D views with and without displaying the elevation layer. ................... 214

Figure 6-6. The Layout menu on the Menu Bar. ......................................................................... 215

Figure 6-7. Using a scale bar with a slope grid layer. ................................................................. 215

Figure 6-8. Using a graticule layer with the shaded relief map view window. ........................... 216

Figure 6-9. The Graticule layer parameters. ................................................................................ 217

Figure 6-10. A base map displayed with the shaded relief grid layer '1MCrelief' map view

window. .............................................................................................................................. 218

Figure 6-11. The base map layer parameters. .............................................................................. 218

Figure 6-12. The ‘Save As Image’ dialog window. .................................................................... 219

Figure 6-13. The ‘Save Map as Image ...’ parameters page. ....................................................... 220

Figure 6-14. A map and legend saved as JPEG files. .................................................................. 221

Figure 6-15. The world file (.jpw) created by the "Save as Image" option. ................................ 222

Figure 6-16. The KML file. ......................................................................................................... 222

Figure 6-17. A north arrow example. .......................................................................................... 223

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Figure 6-18. Comparing “Full Extent” map view windows. ....................................................... 225

Figure 6-19. Using the "Zoom To Selection" option. .................................................................. 226

Figure 6-20. A ‘Map Extent’ properties window. ....................................................................... 227

Figure 6-21. The ‘Save Settings’ dialog window. ....................................................................... 228

Figure 6-22. Using the Action tool with a grid layer. .................................................................. 230

Figure 6-23. Selecting a shape layer object with the Action tool. ............................................... 231

Figure 6-24. The 'Coordinate Reference System Picker' parameters window. ........................... 235

Figure 6-25. The 'Save As Image' dialog window. ...................................................................... 236

Figure 6-26. The ‘Save Map as Image ...’ parameters page. ....................................................... 237

Figure 6-27. A map and map legend saved as JPEG files. .......................................................... 238

Figure 6-28. The world file (.jgw) created by the "Save as Image" option. ................................ 238

Figure 6-29. The KML file. ......................................................................................................... 239

Figure 7-1. The standard Menu Bar display. ............................................................................... 240

Figure 7-2. The Map menu on the Menu Bar. ............................................................................. 240

Figure 7-3. The 3D View menu on the Menu Bar. ...................................................................... 241

Figure 7-4. The Layout menu on the Menu Bar. ......................................................................... 242

Figure 7-5. The Histogram menu on the Menu Bar. ................................................................... 242

Figure 7-6. The Scatterplot menu on the Menu Bar. ................................................................... 242

Figure 7-7. The Diagram menu on the Menu Bar. ...................................................................... 243

Figure 7-8. The Table menu on the Menu Bar. ........................................................................... 243

Figure 7-9. A three-dimensional or perspective view of a digital elevation grid layer. .............. 244

Figure 7-10. Draping layers over a three dimensional display of elevation. ............................... 245

Figure 7-11. The dropdown list of options for the 3D View Menu Bar title. .............................. 246

Figure 7-12. The '3D-View' properties window. ......................................................................... 247

Figure 7-13. The 3D view window. ............................................................................................. 248

Figure 7-14. Adding 3D view options to the toolbar. .................................................................. 248

Figure 7-15. Comparing ‘Resolution’ values of “20” and “100”. ............................................... 249

Figure 7-16. The effect of the exaggeration factor. ..................................................................... 250

Figure 7-17. The bounding box option. ....................................................................................... 251

Figure 7-18. The perspective axes. .............................................................................................. 252

Figure 7-19. Using the ‘Y’ parameter on the ‘3D-View’ properties page. .................................. 253

Figure 7-20. Using the "Up" rotation command. ......................................................................... 253

Figure 7-21. Using the "Right" rotation option. .......................................................................... 254

Figure 7-22. Using the "Shift Left" tool. ..................................................................................... 256

Figure 7-23. Using the "Shift Up" tool. ....................................................................................... 256

Figure 7-24. Using the "Shift Backward" option. ....................................................................... 257

Figure 7-25. The effect of the exaggeration factor. ..................................................................... 258

Figure 7-26. The effect of “Perspectivic Distance”. .................................................................... 259

Figure 7-27. Comparing a 3D View window to an anaglyph map view window. ...................... 260

Figure 7-28. The ‘Save As Image’ dialog window. .................................................................... 262

Figure 7-29. A .jpg file of a perspective image created in SAGA. .............................................. 263

Figure 7-30. The ‘3D View: Player Sequence’ table of frames. ................................................. 264

Figure 7-31. The Menu Bar Layout dropdown list of options. .................................................... 265

Figure 7-32. Adding Layout options to the toolbar. .................................................................... 266

Figure 7-33. The layout view for the ‘1MCrelief' map view window. ........................................ 267

Figure 7-34. The ‘Fit Map Scale’ dialog window. ...................................................................... 267

Figure 7-35. The ‘1MCrelief’ map view window using a scale of 1:350000. ............................. 268

Figure 7-36. The 'Page Setup' dialog window. ............................................................................ 269

Figure 7-37. The 'Print Preview' window for the '1MCrelief' layout view window. ................... 270

Figure 7-38. The 'Print' dialog window. ...................................................................................... 271

Figure 7-39. The Histogram menu options. ................................................................................. 272

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