SD卡2.0协议详解：升级版规范与发展历程

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SD卡2.0协议是SDHC（Secure Digital High Capacity）规格的第二代标准，它于2006年9月25日发布，由SD协会（SD Card Association）联合松下（Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., 现称Panasonic）、闪迪（SanDisk Corporation）和东芝（Toshiba Corporation）共同制定。该协议的主要目标是提升数据传输速度和存储容量，以满足不断增长的数字媒体需求。在SD卡2.0协议中，物理层的简化规范版本1.10是在2006年4月3日发布的，并在同年9月更新至2.00版本。这一修订版引入了重要的改进，可能包括但不限于更高的数据传输速率、更先进的接口设计以及对旧版本兼容性的增强，使得SD卡能够支持更快的读写速度，最高可达25 MB/s，相比于早期版本有了显著提升。协议的核心内容覆盖了SD卡的物理层技术细节，包括卡片尺寸、引脚定义、信号标准和时序规范等，这些都直接影响着设备与SD卡的兼容性和性能表现。此外，SD卡2.0协议还可能包含错误检测与纠正机制、电源管理规定、卡片的安全特性等，以确保数据的可靠传输和存储。为了确保规范的正确理解和使用，SD卡协会提供了出版物和服务，如电话、传真和电子邮件联系方式，以便用户和制造商查询最新信息，以及处理任何与标准相关的问题。版权信息表明，SD Group（由松下、闪迪和东芝组成）以及SD Card Association共同持有该协议的知识产权。 SD卡2.0协议的发布标志着SD卡技术的重要里程碑，它不仅提升了存储容量，还优化了数据传输效率，对于推动移动设备和数码产品的发展起到了关键作用。对于任何涉及SD卡应用的工程师、制造商和消费者来说，了解并遵循这一协议至关重要，以确保设备的性能和互操作性。

Physical Layer Simplified Specification Version 2.00

3. SD Memory Card System Concept

Description here is a blank for the Simplified Specification.

3.1 Read-Write Property

In terms of read-write property, two types of SD Memory Cards are defined:

• Read/Write (RW) cards (Flash, One Time Programmable - OTP, Multiple Time Programmable -

MTP). These cards are typically sold as blank (empty) media and are used for mass data storage,

end user video, audio or digital image recording

• Read Only Memory (ROM) cards. These cards are manufactured with fixed data content. They are

typically used as a distribution media for software, audio, video etc.

3.2 Supply Voltage

In terms of operating supply voltage, two types of SD Memory Cards are defined:

• High Voltage SD Memory Cards that can operate within the voltage range of 2.7-3.6 V.

• Dual Voltage SD Memory Cards –Dual Voltage SD Memory Cards that can operate within the

voltage range of Low Voltage Range (T.B.D) and 2.7-3.6 V.

Note that details of Dual Voltage SD Memory Card will be defined in future specification.

3.3 Card Capacity

In terms of capacity, two types of SD Memory Cards are defined:

• Standard Capacity SD Memory Cards supports capacity up to and including 2 G bytes (2

bytes).

All versions of the Physical Specifications define the Standard Capacity SD Memory Card.

• High Capacity SD Memory Cards supports capacity more than 2 G bytes (2

bytes) and this version

of specification limits capacity up to and including 32 GB. High Capacity SD Memory Card is newly

defined from the Physical Layer Specification Version 2.00.

Only hosts that are compliant to the Physical Layer Specification version 2.00 or higher and the SD File

System Specification Ver2.00 can access High Capacity SD Memory Cards. Other hosts fail to initialize

High Capacity SD Memory Cards (See Figure 3-1).

Note:

1. The Part 1 Physical Layer Specification Version 2.00 and Part 2 File System Specification

Version 2.00 allow Standard Capacity SD Memory Cards to have capacity up to and

including 2 GB and High Capacity SD Memory Cards to have capacity up to and including

32 GB. SD Memory Cards with a capacity greater than 32 GB will be available with updated

versions of Part 1 and Part 2 Specifications.

2. Hosts that can access (read and/or write) SD Memory Cards with a capacity greater than 2

GB and up to and including 32 GB, shall also be able to access SD Memory Cards with a

capacity of 2 GB or less.

Physical Layer Simplified Specification Version 2.00

3.5 Bus Topology

This section is a blank for the Simplified Specification.

3.6 Bus Protocol

3.6.1 SD Bus

Communication over the SD bus is based on command and data bit streams that are initiated by a start

bit and terminated by a stop bit.

• Command: a command is a token that starts an operation. A command is sent from the host either

to a single card (addressed command) or to all connected cards (broadcast command). A command

is transferred serially on the CMD line.

• Response: a response is a token that is sent from an addressed card, or (synchronously) from all

connected cards, to the host as an answer to a previously received command. A response is

transferred serially on the CMD line.

• Data: data can be transferred from the card to the host or vice versa. Data is transferred via the

data lines.

Figure 3-2: “no response” and “no data” Operations

Card addressing is implemented using a session address, assigned to the card during the initialization

phase. The structure of commands, responses and data blocks is described in Chapter 4. The basic

transaction on the SD bus is the command/response transaction (refer to Figure 3-2). This type of bus

transaction transfers their information directly within the command or response structure. In addition,

some operations have a data token.

Data transfers to/from the SD Memory Card are done in blocks. Data blocks are always succeeded by

CRC bits. Single and multiple block operations are defined. Note that the Multiple Block operation mode

is better for faster write operation. A multiple block transmission is terminated when a stop command

follows on the CMD line. Data transfer can be configured by the host to use single or multiple data lines.

command response

block read operation

data stop operation

CMD

DAT

from

host

to card

stop command

stops data transfer

data from card

to host

from

card

to host

data block crc

data block crc data block crc

multiple block read operation

Figure 3-3: (Multiple) Block Read Operation

The block write operation uses a simple busy signaling of the write operation duration on the DAT0 data

line (see Figure 3-4) regardless of the number of data lines used for transferring the data.

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