蓝光格式详解：Blu-ray Disc™ Format 白皮书第四版

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"《Blu-ray Disc™ Format_White_Paper_General_4th》是蓝光光盘格式的第四版白皮书，由蓝光光盘协会在2015年8月发布。这份文档包含了蓝光光盘格式的详细技术信息，包括版权、商标信息、免责声明以及授权要求等。" 《Blu-ray Disc™ Format》白皮书是一份详尽的技术资料，主要针对蓝光光盘格式进行深入解析。这份第四版的白皮书涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **蓝光格式**：蓝光（Blu-ray）是一种高级光学存储格式，利用波长更短的蓝色激光读取和写入数据，相较于传统的DVD，其存储容量大幅增加，可以达到25GB至100GB，适合高清视频、大文件及多媒体应用。 2. **Blu-ray Disc™ 格式**：该格式设计用于存储高清晰度视频、音频、以及额外的交互内容。例如，BD-Live™允许用户通过网络下载额外内容，BONUSVIEW™提供画中画功能，而BDXL™支持超大容量的光盘。 3. **版权限制**：白皮书明确指出，所有信息均为蓝光光盘协会及其成员的专有信息，未经书面许可，不得使用、复制或分发。所有商标，如Blu-ray Disc™、Blu-ray™、Blu-ray 3D™、BD-Live™、BONUSVIEW™、BDXL™、AVCREC™及其相关标识，均受蓝光光盘协会的商标保护。 4. **免责声明**：尽管白皮书在发布时力求准确，但协会及其成员不对因使用白皮书或依赖其准确性而造成的任何直接或间接损害负责。这表明，用户在实际应用中需自行承担可能的风险。 5. **授权要求**：对于蓝光光盘格式在光盘和设备上的应用，需要从蓝光光盘协会获得授权。这意味着任何希望生产或开发与蓝光技术相关产品的企业都必须遵守协会的规定并获取相应的许可证。 6. **内容结构**：白皮书通常会包含技术规范、编码标准、物理层和传输层协议、文件系统、播放器行为、错误处理等方面，以确保兼容性和互操作性。此外，还可能涵盖版权保护机制，如BD+和AACS（先进访问内容系统），以防止非法复制和播放。《Blu-ray Disc™ Format_White_Paper_General_4th》不仅是技术开发者和制造商的重要参考，也是理解蓝光技术发展和标准制定的关键文献。

White Paper Blu-ray Disc™ Format

General

1.2 Optimization of Cover-Layer thickness

Fig.1.2.3 Optical path through Cover Layer

Cover Layer = D

Optical path length = L

Difference of optical path length = L - D

Imaginary point light source

(L - D) x refractive index of

over L

ayer

Spherical surface

A wave front of light diverging from an imaginary light source on the Information Layer is

spherical in the Cover Layer. But it becomes deformed from spherical surface after getting

out of Cover Layer. When light having this deformed wave front come into the C

over Layer,

it is converged into an ideal light spot.

An objective lens is designed to emit light with this distorted wave front. Because the ideal distortion

amount differs with the thickness of Cover Layer, the design of objective lens also depends on the

layer thickness. This is why the conventional thickness of the Cover Layer tends to be followed even if

the format is changed.

Thickness reduction of Cover Layer

Although a 1.2 mm thickness of the Cover Layer was adopted when the CD standard was defined,

another approach was adopted for DVDs and BDs. This is because the necessary capacity could not

be achieved if that particular thickness of the Cover Layer was used. Therefore, the optimization of the

Cover-Layer thickness was examined again in order to gain more capacity.

During digital recording, there’s no need for anxiety about the deterioration of the S/N ratio of readout

signals, compared with analog recording, as long as the signals can be read without error. In addition,

the manufacturing process of 12 cm diameter discs is quite different from that of 30 cm discs.

Consequently, there were attempts to reduce the thickness of Cover Layer as much as possible and

increase the NA value of the objective lens as much as possible.

It has been regarded that one of principal advantages of optical-discs is that the influence of dust on

the disc surface is limited because the beams are defocused for dust on the surface of the Cover

Layer when information is recorded and read. When the Cover-Layer thickness is reduced, the NA

value of objective lens can easily be increased, while this defocus effect is sacrificed. Since the Cover-

Layer thickness required for the defocus effect is different for digital and analog recordings, a

reexamination is needed.

The defocusing effect when light passes through the Transmission Layer means that by increasing the

cross section of incoming laser beam on the Surface Layer, the influence of small dust is diluted within

the large section area of the beam. In other words, although the area influenced by dust is enlarged to

entire section of light beam, the signal deterioration is reduced and reading errors are prevented. On

the other hand, what we call Error Correction is generally used as a means to remove reading errors.

During this operation, some redundancy data calculated from a large block of data is attached to the

block as error check data. After the block is read, the check data is inversely calculated to correct

partial errors. This can be compared to an image modification process where a partial defect of a

White Paper Blu-ray Disc™ Format

General

1.2 Optimization of Cover-Layer thickness

photograph is corrected through estimations using adjacent image data. Through this method, errors

are prevented by diluting the influence of partial signal defects in a large-scale data block. It can be

said that this Error-Correction method is the electronic version of defocusing by the Cover Layer. This

further suggests that defocusing by the Cover Layer partially can be replaced by Error Correction (Fig.

1.2.4). However, there is a problem if the thickness of the Cover Layer is made nearly zero by raising

the Error-Correction capability. This is because the smallest unit of the Error-Correction calculation is

one byte, and a very small error such as one bit is practically magnified to a one-byte error. Therefore,

defocusing is still desired to prevent small dust from causing bit errors. The thickness of the Cover

Layer for that purpose is about several tens of micrometers.

Converging light

Information Layer

Cover Layer

Cross section of light beam has

wide area on the disc surface.

Influence from a particle on the

disc surface is diluted in the

area:S.

（Optical Dilution）

Area:S

Dropout

Readout signal

Constraint length for Error Correction

Fig. 1.2.4 Optcal and Electronic dilution of burst error

Calculation for Error Correction is carried

out on data in long constraint length.

Influence from a dropout is substantially

diluted in this constraint length.

（Electronic Dilution）

Defocusing effect

Error correction

Cover Layer has a function of optically diluting influence from a particle on the disc surface.

Error Correction has a function of electronically diluting influence from a dropout. Both of

these functions are similar to each other.

In the DVD standard, it was decided that the thickness of Cover Layer could be as small as 0.6 mm.

This thickness could be made by the disc production facilities of those days, because the same

mechanical strength as a CD could be obtained by sticking two pieces together.

For the purpose of BDs, this thickness was reconsidered with the essential condition to realize a 23

GB capacity, which is necessary to record a bit stream of Japanese BS digital HD broadcast for two

hours.

At first, it was natural to consider using the same production facilities as DVDs, that is, to employ a

thickness of 0.6 mm. However, the capacity could only reach around 12 GB by changing the

wavelength from red (650 nm) to the blue (405 nm). As a further disadvantage, when there’s an incline

in the disc, the magnitude of aberrations increases in inverse proportion to the wavelength. To

suppress this aberration, the NA value of the objective lens must be reduced. In the mass-produced

record type DVD, NA is 0.65 the maximum, even if a tilt servo controlling the tilt angle of the optical

pick-up to the disc is used. As described before, the aberration when a disc is inclined is proportional to

the cube of NA. To cancel the increase in aberrations due to shortening of the wavelength, NA should

be reduced to around 0.55. In this case, the recording capacity is lowered to around 10 GB, far smaller

than the 23 GB allowed by one of the newest reading technologies such as PRML. Although the

narrowing of the Track Pitch was considered while suppressing crosstalk by recording in and between

the guide Grooves, the influence of heat conduction became relatively large when the Track Pitch was

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