Python编程：创造自己的电脑游戏教程

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"《Python自学：发明你自己的电脑游戏》（Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python, 2nd Edition）是由阿尔伯特·斯威格特（Albert Sweigart）编著的一本教程书籍，于2008年至2012年出版。该书以Python编程语言为基础，引导读者通过实践亲手创造计算机游戏，适合初学者入门。这本书的内容涵盖了Python的基本语法、数据结构、函数、类以及面向对象编程等概念，旨在激发学生的创新思维和编程技能。本书的核心理念是鼓励作者在遵循Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License（简称CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US）的前提下，自由分享和学习。根据此许可证，用户可以： 1. **分享**：复制、分发、展示和表演作品，无需支付费用。 2. **混搭**（Remix）：可以创作衍生作品，即对原作进行修改或改编。 3. **属性要求**：在引用作品时，必须按照作者或许可人的指定方式，并且不能暗示他们支持或认可你的使用。 4. **非商业用途**：禁止将此作品用于商业目的。 5. **共享相似许可**：如果对原作进行了改动，再次发布时必须使用相同或相似的许可证。重要的是，尽管这本书的使用受到这些条款的限制，但它们并不影响你的公平使用和其他合法权利。法律代码的详细解读可在Creative Commons网站上找到，链接为：http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/。通过阅读和理解这些条款，读者可以在学习Python编程的同时，尊重并遵守版权规定，享受创造的乐趣。《Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python》是一本实用的学习资源，不仅提供了丰富的实战项目，还强调了创新和实践在编程教育中的核心地位。对于想要入门编程或进一步提升Python技能的学生和爱好者来说，这本书是一个理想的起点，能够帮助他们掌握基本的编程技巧，并培养独立开发小游戏的能力。"

xvi

Getting the State of a Row in the Ocean .................................................................................. 232

How the Code Works: Lines 40 to 62 ...................................................................................... 233

Creating a New Game Board ................................................................................................... 233

Creating the Random Treasure Chests ..................................................................................... 235

Determining if a Move is Valid ............................................................................................... 235

How the Code Works: Lines 64 to 91 ...................................................................................... 236

Placing a Move on the Board ............................................................................................... 236

An Algorithm for Finding the Closest Treasure Chest ............................................................ 237

The remove() List Method .................................................................................................. 240

How the Code Works: Lines 94 to 162 .................................................................................... 241

Getting the Player's Move ........................................................................................................ 241

Asking the Player to Play Again .............................................................................................. 243

Printing the Game Instructions for the Player .......................................................................... 243

How the Code Works: Lines 165 to 217 .................................................................................. 245

The Start of the Game .......................................................................................................... 245

Displaying the Game Status for the Player .......................................................................... 245

Getting the Player's Move .................................................................................................... 246

Finding a Sunken Treasure Chest ........................................................................................ 247

Checking if the Player has Won ........................................................................................... 247

Checking if the Player has Lost ........................................................................................... 248

Asking the Player to Play Again, and the sys.exit() Function.............................................. 249

Summary: Review of our Sonar Game .................................................................................... 249

Caesar Cipher ............................................................................................................................... 250

About Cryptography ................................................................................................................ 250

The Caesar Cipher .................................................................................................................... 251

ASCII, and Using Numbers for Letters ................................................................................... 253

The chr() and ord() Functions .......................................................................................... 254

Sample Run of Caesar Cipher .................................................................................................. 255

Caesar Cipher's Source Code ................................................................................................... 256

xvii

How the Code Works: Lines 1 to 34 ........................................................................................ 257

Deciding to Encrypt or Decrypt ........................................................................................... 258

Getting the Message from the Player ................................................................................... 258

Getting the Key from the Player .......................................................................................... 258

Encrypt or Decrypt the Message with the Given Key .......................................................... 259

The isalpha() String Method ............................................................................................. 259

The isupper() and islower() String Methods .............................................................. 260

How the Code Works: Lines 36 to 57 ...................................................................................... 261

Encrypting or Decrypting Each Letter ................................................................................. 261

The Start of the Program ...................................................................................................... 262

Brute Force............................................................................................................................... 263

Adding the Brute Force Mode to Our Program ................................................................... 263

Summary: Reviewing Our Caesar Cipher Program ................................................................. 265

Reversi ......................................................................................................................................... 267

Sample Run .............................................................................................................................. 270

Reversi's Source Code.............................................................................................................. 273

How the Code Works ............................................................................................................... 281

The Game Board Data Structure .......................................................................................... 281

Importing Other Modules..................................................................................................... 281

Drawing the Board Data Structure on the Screen ................................................................ 282

Resetting the Game Board ....................................................................................................... 284

Setting Up the Starting Pieces .............................................................................................. 284

Creating a New Game Board Data Structure ....................................................................... 285

Checking if a Move is Valid ................................................................................................ 285

Checking Each of the Eight Directions ................................................................................ 287

Finding Out if There are Pieces to Flip Over ........................................................................... 288

Checking for Valid Coordinates .............................................................................................. 289

Getting a List with All Valid Moves .................................................................................... 290

The bool() Function ............................................................................................................. 291

xviii

Getting the Score of the Game Board .................................................................................. 292

Getting the Player's Tile Choice .......................................................................................... 292

Determining Who Goes First ............................................................................................... 293

Asking the Player to Play Again .......................................................................................... 293

Placing Down a Tile on the Game Board ............................................................................ 293

Copying the Board Data Structure ....................................................................................... 294

Determining if a Space is on a Corner ................................................................................. 295

Getting the Player's Move .................................................................................................... 295

Getting the Computer's Move .............................................................................................. 297

Corner Moves are the Best Moves ....................................................................................... 297

Get a List of the Best Scoring Moves .................................................................................. 298

Simulate All Possible Moves on Duplicate Board Data Structures ..................................... 298

Printing the Scores to the Screen ......................................................................................... 299

The Start of the Game .......................................................................................................... 300

Running the Player's Turn .................................................................................................... 300

Handling the Quit or Hints Commands ................................................................................ 301

Make the Player's Move ....................................................................................................... 302

Running the Computer's Turn .............................................................................................. 302

Drawing Everything on the Screen ...................................................................................... 303

Ask the Player to Play Again ............................................................................................... 304

Changing the drawBoard() Function .............................................................................. 304

Summary: Reviewing the Reversi Game ................................................................................. 305

AI Simulation ............................................................................................................................... 307

Making the Computer Play Against Itself ................................................................................ 308

How the AISim1.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 309

Making the Computer Play Itself Several Times ................................................................. 310

How the AISim2.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 312

Percentages .............................................................................................................................. 313

Division Evaluates to Floating Point ....................................................................................... 313

xix

The round() function ........................................................................................................... 314

Displaying the Statistics ........................................................................................................... 315

Comparing Different AI Algorithms........................................................................................ 316

How the AISim3.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 318

Comparing the Random Algorithm Against the Regular Algorithm ................................... 318

Comparing the Random Algorithm Against Itself ............................................................... 319

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the CornersSideBest Algorithm ...................... 320

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the Worst Algorithm ....................................... 321

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the WorstCorner Algorithm ............................ 321

Comparing the Worst Algorithm Against the WorstCorner Algorithm ............................... 322

Summary: Learning New Things by Running Simulation Experiments ................................. 322

Graphics and Animation .............................................................................................................. 324

Installing Pygame..................................................................................................................... 325

Hello World in Pygame ........................................................................................................... 326

Hello World's Source Code ...................................................................................................... 327

Running the Hello World Program .......................................................................................... 328

Importing the Pygame Module ............................................................................................ 329

The pygame.init() Function ........................................................................................ 330

The pygame.display.set_mode() and pygame.display.set_caption()

Functions .............................................................................................................................. 330

Colors in Pygame ..................................................................................................................... 331

Fonts, and the pygame.font.SysFont() Function ...................................................................... 333

The render() Method for Font Objects ............................................................................ 333

Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 334

The get_rect() Methods for pygame.font.Font and pygame.Surface Objects

............................................................................................................................................. 336

Constructor Functions and the type() Function ................................................................... 336

The fill() Method for Surface Objects............................................................................... 337

The pygame.draw.polygon() Function ......................................................................... 337

The pygame.draw.line() Function ............................................................................................ 338

The pygame.draw.circle() Function ........................................................................... 338

The pygame.draw.ellipse() Function ......................................................................... 339

The pygame.draw.rect() Function ................................................................................ 339

The pygame.PixelArray Data Type ................................................................................ 339

The blit() Method for Surface Objects............................................................................... 340

The pygame.display.update() Function .................................................................... 340

Events and the Game Loop ...................................................................................................... 341

The pygame.event.get() Function ................................................................................ 341

The pygame.quit() Function ............................................................................................ 342

Animation ................................................................................................................................ 342

The Animation Program's Source Code ................................................................................... 342

How the Animation Program Works ....................................................................................... 345

Moving and Bouncing the Blocks ........................................................................................ 345

Creating and Setting Up Pygame and the Main Window .................................................... 346

Setting Up Constant Variables for Direction ....................................................................... 347

Setting Up Constant Variables for Color ............................................................................. 348

Setting Up The Block Data Structures ................................................................................. 348

Running the Game Loop .......................................................................................................... 349

Moving Each Block ............................................................................................................. 350

Checking if the Block has Bounced ..................................................................................... 350

Changing the Direction of the Bouncing Block ................................................................... 351

Drawing the Blocks on the Window in Their New Positions .............................................. 352

Drawing the Window on the Screen .................................................................................... 352

Some Small Modifications ....................................................................................................... 353

Drawing as Fast as Possible ................................................................................................. 353

Drawing Trails of Blocks ..................................................................................................... 353

Summary: Pygame Programming ............................................................................................ 354

Collision Detection and Input ...................................................................................................... 355

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