"2013年职称英语等级考试理工类教材概览与新内容解读"

2013职称英语

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The 2013 National Professional English Level Examination Study Materials (Science and Engineering) introduces a new article, "When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach," which explores the impact of hunger on perception. The study reveals that hungry individuals have enhanced clarity when processing food-related words compared to those who have recently eaten. This finding suggests that our senses are not simply objective receptors of external stimuli, but are influenced by our internal states. This study highlights the intricate connection between our physical sensations and cognitive processes. It indicates that our hunger levels can shape how we perceive and interpret the world around us. The phenomenon of heightened attention to food-related cues in hungry individuals underscores the importance of considering internal factors in understanding human perception. The results of this study have significant implications for various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and nutrition. By demonstrating the impact of hunger on visual perception, researchers can gain insights into how our brains prioritize information based on our physiological needs. This can inform strategies for promoting healthy eating habits and managing food cravings. In conclusion, the study "When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach" sheds light on the complex interplay between hunger and perception. By revealing that hungry individuals are more attuned to food-related stimuli, it challenges traditional notions of sensory processing. This research opens up new avenues for investigating the role of internal states in shaping our sensory experiences and cognitive functioning.

挑选当今世界最神奇的奇观是一个不可能完成的任务。原因是每年都有新的更令人叹为观止的建筑出现。

有这样三座巨大的建筑值得人们赞叹，尽管它们可能被某些最近建成的奇观所超越。

第一座：国油双峰塔。国油双峰塔在1999年建成时是世界上最高的建筑物，高452米，高高的双塔就像两

支细铅笔，高耸于吉隆坡市。在41层，两个塔由一座桥连接，象征着通向城市的大门。该建筑的设计者

是美国建筑师Cesar Pelli。

该建筑由高强度混凝土建成，每一层都有夫约1800平方米的办公区域；在底部还有一个购物中心和一个

音乐厅。该建筑的其他特色是双层电梯以及建材为玻璃和钢的遮阳篷。

第二座：米约高架桥。米约高架桥位于法国南部的Tam山谷，2004年建成通车。它是当时世界上最高的

大桥，最高点超过340米。该桥被人们描写为“世界上最神奇最美丽的大桥之一”。它是为舒缓米约的交通

拥挤所建。当时的拥挤是由从巴黎到西班牙的巴塞罗那的过往车辆太多所致。该桥可以承受强震和极端

气候。另外，它可以使用120年！

第三座：伊泰普水电站。伊泰普水电站是同类建筑中最大的一个。它由横跨巴拉那河的一组大坝组成，

成为巴西和巴拉圭的自然边境。该建筑作为两个国家的共同开发项目，1975年动工修建，历时16年完工。

该大坝因它的发电量和规模之大而闻名。1995年，它为巴拉圭和巴西分别提供了78%和25%的能源需求。

该建筑使用的钢铁量是埃菲尔铁塔的300倍还多。该建筑令人叹为观止，名不虚传。

第八篇 Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

The vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp __1__ in three species of India’s

vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental

__2__ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same

areas as the __3__ . It is also causing serious public health problems __4__ the Indian sub-continent.

While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have

__5__played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean. It is

__6__they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are __7__ left in the open when they die in

their thousands upon thousands every year.

The disappearance of the vultures has __8__ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of

these dead animals. There are fears that rabies may __9__ as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately

affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal

species, causing an even greater problem in the __10__.

The need for action is __11__, so an emergency project has been launched to __12__ a solution to this serious

vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a

cure.

Large-scale vulture __13__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time

showed that the three species of vultures had declined __14__ over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed

as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs and __15__ about five years to reach maturity,

reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.

词汇：

vulture n.秃鹰

ultimately adv.最终地

species n.物种，种类

endanger v.危及，濒危

disruption n.破坏，毁坏

maturity n.成熟期

rabies n.狂犬症

注释：

1. The vulture in question: 讨论中的秀鹰（问题)。in question意为“讨论中的，考虑中的”。

2. rather than：而不是。例:Your proposal is positive rather than negative. (你的提议是积极的，而不是消极

的。）

3. the Indian sub-continent: 印度次大陆

4. while: 虽然。例:While he has published many papers, he is modest. (虽然他发表了多篇论文，他还是很谦

虚。）

5. thousands upon thousands:成千上万的

6. in the open:在户外，在野外

7. as a result:结果

8. listed as “critically endangered”：被列为极度濒危动物

练习：

1. A. decline B. rise C. teeth D. eyes

2. A. benefit B. debate C. problem D. solution

3. A. plants B. birds C. humans D. cows

4. A. over B. with C. through D. across

5. A. sometimes B. long C. suddenly D. hardly

6. A. who B. when C. because D. where

7. A. traditionally B. occasionally C. possibly D. finally

8. A. came from B. adjusted to C. resulted from D. led to

9. A. drop B. increase C. disappear D. change

10. A. future B. past C. villages D. mountains

11. A. recent B. urgent C. frequent D. rare

12. A. neglect B. use C. remove D. find

13. A. cures B. arrivals C. deaths D. journeys

14. A. along B. on C. in D. by

15. A. take B. adopt C. consume D. waste

答案与题解：

1. A通篇文章都在叙述秃鹰濒临灭种对印度环境的负面影响，而且文章的标题中的“dying vultures”也提供

了线索。decline符合上下文的意思，是答案。rise与上下文的意思相反。sharp teeth和sharp eyes是秃鹰的

特点，但文章并未提及。

2. C秃鹰濒临灭亡，给环境带来问题。上一句的“alarm rather than celebration”提供了解题的线索，秃鹰瀕

临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。选problem是合适的。至于debate和solution，文章

并未涉及。

3. B秃鹰数量的减少对当地居民是一种灾难。此外，对谁也是一种灾难呢？as引出的对象是谁呢? 这个对

象不会是humans, plants或cows。答案是birds。

4. D作者原来的用词一定是across the Indian sub-continent(整个印度次大陆），不可能是over the Indian

sub-continent(在印度次大陆上空)，with the Indian sub-continent(与印度次大陆一起)或through the Indian

sub-continent(穿越印度次大陆）。

5. B本段前面的句子描述了秃鹰在保护该地区的环境上作用很大，所以秃鹰不会是时有时无(sometimes)

地起作用，或突然地(suddenly)起作用，或几乎不（hardly)起作用。只有选long(长期以来一直)起作用才

合乎上下文的意思。

6. C为什么秃鹰会起保护环境的作用呢？本段的下半段说出了其中的原因。牛在印度被视为神物，死后

露尸户外，任其腐烂。秃鹰以食牛的尸体为生，同时也清除了污染源，保护了城镇和乡村的环境。这些

句子讲的是原因，所以选择because是对的。

7. A文章说每年有成千上万头牛死亡并露尸城镇和乡村。既然是这样，就不会是偶尔(occasionally)或可能

(possibly)或最终(finally)露尸在城镇和乡村。露尸户外是印度的传统，所以traditionally是答案。

8. D 本段第一句表达的是因果关系。The disappearance of the vultures 是因，an explosion in the numbers of

wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals 是果。四个选项中只有led to (导致)能表达这种因果

关系，所以led to是答案。

9. B野狗是狂犬病菌的主要携带者，野狗大量的出现当然会增加狂犬病扩散的危险性，而不是相反。所

以选increase是正确的，而drop是increase的反义词，不会是答案。change或disappear都脱离了上下文的意

思，所以不是答案。

10. A狂犬病从野狗传到人身上已经非常可怕，如果再传到其他动物身上问题就更严重了。四个选项中，

选future构成词组in the future(在未来)符合上下文的意思。

11. B从后面的“an emergency project has been launched(启动了应急项目）”可以推断出要选的形容词是

urgent(紧迫的）。

12. D启动应急项目是为了找到一个解决的办法。neglect a solution, use a solution或remove a solution显然不

符合上下文的意思。find是答案。

13. C本段说秃鹰的数量急剧减少，已被列为濒危物种。本题的选项cures(治疗法）、arrivals(到达）或

journeys(旅程）与本段后面一句“All three species are now listed as ‘critically endangered’”所表达的意思接不

上。选deaths, 全段的意思就连贯了。因此， deaths是答案。

14. D在四个选项中，along, on，in明显不合适。by有“到（某事物）的程度”的意思。“...the three species of

vultures had declined by over 90 per cent” 的意思是“三种秀鹰的数量减少了90%以上"。

15. A “花费或用多少时间”英语的常用的表达法是“take... days/months, etc. ”。选take是正确的。其他三个

选项都不合适。

参考译文

第八篇印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰

人们谈论的秃鹰可能看起来既丑又危险，但是印度三种秃鹰濒临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值

得庆贺的事。它向世人明示了一个新的环境问题。秃鹰数量的急剧减少不仅是这些鸟类的灾难对当地居

民同样也是如此，它同时给整个印度次大陆带来了公共卫生问题。

虽然秃鹰的名声不好，许多印度人也讨厌其长相，但是长久以来，秃鹰在维护全印度的城镇和乡村的清

洁方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因为秃鹰是以死牛为生。在印度，每年都有成千上万的牛死去，而牛是

神圣的动物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。

秃鹰的消失使得以牛尸为生的野狗数量暴增，因此，人们担心罹患狂犬病的病人会增加。由于野狗是狂

犬病的主要携带者，这种可怕的疾病最终会影响当地的居民。狂犬病也可能传播到其他生物，未来会导

致更大的问题。

采取行动刻不容缓。所以，一个危机处理项目已经启动，目的是找到解决秃鹰问题的方法。科学家们正

试图确认导致秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话，找到治愈该病的方法。

在印度，人们注意到秃鹰的大批死亡最早是在20世纪80年代。根据当时的物种调查显示，三种秃鹰的数

量减少了90%以上。目前，这三种秃鹰都被列为“极度濒危动物' 由于大部分秃鹰每次只产一只蛋，幼鹰

需要大约5年的时间才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住秃鹰数量的下降会是一项长期的、艰巨的任务

第十三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but __1__ now they

haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s

because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate

more __2__ but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of __3_ . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric

system at a substantially lower __4__. And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the

space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a

__5__ in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal

Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University,

Canada."

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,

__6__ known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and

cheaper. And, because they __7__ much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film

silicon solar cells are __8__ to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

“That means that their efficiency __9__ when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect

for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the __10__ thin- film solar panels make up only a small

fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-

film silicon in a new __11__ of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In

fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling

__12__ of water, they could make thicker cells that largely __13__ the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they

applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy __14__ , they also found that by baking the cell

once a day，they __15__ the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

词汇:

photovoltaic n.光电的

silicon n.硅

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