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MySQL 5.6官方参考手册详解
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更新于2024-07-21
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"MySQL 5.6 教程详解 - 官方发布的详细文档,涵盖了MySQL 5.6至5.6.28版本以及基于NDB 7.3和7.4版本的MySQL Cluster,包括功能特性、安装升级、服务器管理、教程等内容。"
在MySQL 5.6教程详解中,你将深入了解到以下关键知识点:
1. **MySQL 5.6新特性**:
MySQL 5.6引入了许多增强和优化,包括:
- **性能提升**:InnoDB存储引擎的改进,如支持自适应哈希索引、更高的并发性和更快的全文搜索。
- **半同步复制**:确保数据在主库和从库之间的一致性,提供更可靠的复制解决方案。
- **分区增强**:对分区表的支持更广泛,包括更多的分区类型和更灵活的分区操作。
- **在线DDL(数据定义语言)**:允许在不锁定表的情况下执行DDL语句,减少了维护窗口。
- **查询优化器改进**:更好的统计信息和更智能的查询计划选择。
2. **MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3-7.4**:
- **高可用性与可扩展性**:MySQL Cluster通过数据分片和自动故障切换提供了高可用性和水平扩展性。
- **NDB存储引擎**:NDB存储引擎的设计用于处理大量实时事务,适用于需要高并发读写操作的应用。
- **7.3和7.4版本的改进**:可能包括性能提升、新的特性和错误修复,具体变化需参照MySQL 5.6 Release Notes。
3. **MySQL Enterprise Edition**:
- **企业级支持**:提供高级安全性和性能监控工具,如MySQL Enterprise Monitor和MySQL Enterprise Backup。
- **MySQL Workbench**:一个集成的开发、管理和维护工具,支持数据库设计、SQL开发和数据库管理。
4. **开发与API**:
- **Connectors**:如MySQL Connector/J、.NET等,允许不同编程语言连接到MySQL服务器。
- **APIs**:提供SQL接口和各种语言的API,如PHP、Python、Java等,方便开发人员进行数据库操作。
5. **安装与升级**:
- **MySQL Yum Repository**:为Linux用户提供了方便的包管理系统,简化了MySQL的安装和更新过程。
- **升级指南**:详细说明了从早期版本升级到MySQL 5.6的步骤,包括数据迁移和兼容性检查。
6. **服务器管理**:
- **配置与优化**:涵盖了如何调整MySQL服务器参数以优化性能和稳定性。
- **备份与恢复**:提供了多种备份策略和工具,如mysqldump、XtraBackup等。
7. **全球化支持**:
- **多语言支持**:MySQL 5.6支持多种字符集和排序规则,适应全球化的应用需求。
MySQL 5.6教程详解是一份全面的文档,无论你是管理员、开发者还是初学者,都能从中找到所需的信息,深入了解MySQL 5.6的使用和管理。记得查阅Release Notes获取每个版本的具体变更,以便更好地理解和利用MySQL 5.6的功能。
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xvi
14.4.7 Storing InnoDB Undo Logs in Separate Tablespaces ........................................... 1929
14.5 InnoDB Table Management ........................................................................................... 1930
14.5.1 Creating InnoDB Tables ..................................................................................... 1930
14.5.2 Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables to Another Machine ........................................ 1932
14.5.3 Grouping DML Operations with Transactions ....................................................... 1934
14.5.4 Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB ......................................................... 1935
14.5.5 AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB ............................................................ 1939
14.5.6 InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints ............................................................. 1945
14.5.7 Limits on InnoDB Tables .................................................................................... 1946
14.6 InnoDB Table Compression .......................................................................................... 1950
14.6.1 Overview of Table Compression ......................................................................... 1950
14.6.2 Enabling Compression for a Table ...................................................................... 1951
14.6.3 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables .............................................................. 1952
14.6.4 Monitoring Compression at Runtime .................................................................... 1956
14.6.5 How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables ....................................................... 1957
14.6.6 Compression for OLTP Workloads ...................................................................... 1960
14.6.7 SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors ................................................... 1960
14.7 InnoDB File-Format Management .................................................................................. 1963
14.7.1 Enabling File Formats ........................................................................................ 1963
14.7.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility ...................................................................... 1963
14.7.3 Identifying the File Format in Use ....................................................................... 1967
14.7.4 Modifying the File Format ................................................................................... 1968
14.8 InnoDB Row Storage and Row Formats ........................................................................ 1968
14.8.1 Overview of InnoDB Row Storage ....................................................................... 1968
14.8.2 Specifying the Row Format for a Table ............................................................... 1968
14.8.3 DYNAMIC and COMPRESSED Row Formats ...................................................... 1969
14.8.4 COMPACT and REDUNDANT Row Formats ....................................................... 1969
14.9 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management ................................................................ 1970
14.9.1 InnoDB Disk I/O ................................................................................................ 1970
14.9.2 File Space Management .................................................................................... 1971
14.9.3 InnoDB Checkpoints .......................................................................................... 1972
14.9.4 Defragmenting a Table ....................................................................................... 1972
14.9.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE ................................................. 1973
14.10 InnoDB and Online DDL ............................................................................................. 1973
14.10.1 Overview of Online DDL ................................................................................... 1974
14.10.2 Performance and Concurrency Considerations for Online DDL ............................ 1980
14.10.3 SQL Syntax for Online DDL .............................................................................. 1982
14.10.4 Combining or Separating DDL Statements ......................................................... 1983
14.10.5 Examples of Online DDL .................................................................................. 1983
14.10.6 Implementation Details of Online DDL ............................................................... 2006
14.10.7 How Crash Recovery Works with Online DDL .................................................... 2007
14.10.8 Online DDL for Partitioned InnoDB Tables ......................................................... 2008
14.10.9 Limitations of Online DDL ................................................................................. 2009
14.11 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables ............................................................. 2010
14.12 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables ................................................................... 2089
14.12.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression ........................... 2090
14.12.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Tables .................... 2091
14.12.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables ............................................. 2097
14.12.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables .............................. 2103
14.12.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables ....................................... 2106
14.12.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table ............................................... 2110
14.13 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema .................................................. 2119
14.13.1 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema .............................. 2120
14.14 InnoDB Monitors ......................................................................................................... 2124
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xvii
14.14.1 InnoDB Monitor Types ...................................................................................... 2124
14.14.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors ................................................................................ 2125
14.14.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output ............................................ 2127
14.14.4 InnoDB Tablespace Monitor Output ................................................................... 2133
14.14.5 InnoDB Table Monitor Output ........................................................................... 2135
14.15 InnoDB Backup and Recovery ..................................................................................... 2138
14.15.1 The InnoDB Recovery Process ......................................................................... 2140
14.16 InnoDB and MySQL Replication .................................................................................. 2141
14.17 InnoDB Integration with memcached ............................................................................ 2143
14.17.1 Benefits of the InnoDB / memcached Combination ............................................. 2143
14.17.2 Architecture of InnoDB and memcached Integration ........................................... 2144
14.17.3 Getting Started with InnoDB Memcached Plugin ................................................ 2148
14.17.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................ 2151
14.17.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Interface ................................... 2153
14.17.6 Using the InnoDB memcached Plugin with Replication ....................................... 2164
14.17.7 Internals of the InnoDB memcached Plugin ....................................................... 2168
14.17.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................ 2173
14.18 InnoDB Troubleshooting .............................................................................................. 2175
14.18.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems ............................................................... 2176
14.18.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery ................................................................................. 2176
14.18.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations .......................................... 2178
14.18.4 InnoDB Error Handling ..................................................................................... 2181
14.18.5 InnoDB Error Codes ......................................................................................... 2182
15 Alternative Storage Engines ..................................................................................................... 2185
15.1 Setting the Storage Engine ........................................................................................... 2189
15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2190
15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options .................................................................................... 2192
15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys ..................................................................................... 2194
15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats ......................................................................... 2194
15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems .................................................................................... 2196
15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2198
15.4 The CSV Storage Engine .............................................................................................. 2202
15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables .................................................................. 2203
15.4.2 CSV Limitations ................................................................................................. 2204
15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2204
15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2205
15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2208
15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................... 2210
15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems .................................................................................... 2211
15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2213
15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview .............................................................. 2213
15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables ................................................................... 2214
15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ..................................................... 2217
15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources ............................................................ 2218
15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ..................................................................................... 2219
15.10 Other Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 2219
15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture ......................................................... 2219
15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture .............................................................. 2220
15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer ............................................................... 2220
16 High Availability and Scalability ................................................................................................ 2223
16.1 Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition ......................................................... 2226
16.2 Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux ................................. 2226
16.3 Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering .................................................... 2229
16.4 Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance .............................................................. 2231
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xviii
16.4.1 Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI ..................................................................... 2232
16.4.2 EC2 Instance Limitations .................................................................................... 2233
16.4.3 Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2 ........................................................... 2233
16.5 Using ZFS Replication .................................................................................................. 2236
16.5.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication ................................................................ 2238
16.5.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication .............................................................. 2239
16.5.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS .................................................................. 2239
16.6 Using MySQL with memcached ..................................................................................... 2240
16.6.1 Installing memcached ......................................................................................... 2241
16.6.2 Using memcached ............................................................................................. 2242
16.6.3 Developing a memcached Application ................................................................. 2262
16.6.4 Getting memcached Statistics ............................................................................. 2288
16.6.5 memcached FAQ ............................................................................................... 2297
17 Replication .............................................................................................................................. 2301
17.1 Replication Configuration .............................................................................................. 2302
17.1.1 How to Set Up Replication ................................................................................. 2303
17.1.2 Replication Formats ........................................................................................... 2313
17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ..................................................... 2320
17.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables ......................................... 2328
17.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks .......................................................... 2417
17.2 Replication Implementation ........................................................................................... 2420
17.2.1 Replication Implementation Details ...................................................................... 2421
17.2.2 Replication Relay and Status Logs ..................................................................... 2422
17.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ................................................ 2429
17.3 Replication Solutions .................................................................................................... 2435
17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups ............................................................................ 2436
17.3.2 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines ....................... 2439
17.3.3 Using Replication for Scale-Out .......................................................................... 2441
17.3.4 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves .............................................. 2442
17.3.5 Improving Replication Performance ..................................................................... 2443
17.3.6 Switching Masters During Failover ...................................................................... 2444
17.3.7 Setting Up Replication Using SSL ....................................................................... 2446
17.3.8 Semisynchronous Replication ............................................................................. 2448
17.3.9 Delayed Replication ........................................................................................... 2453
17.4 Replication Notes and Tips ........................................................................................... 2453
17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues ......................................................................... 2453
17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ............................................. 2480
17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup ........................................................................... 2482
17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication ................................................................................ 2483
17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ...................................................... 2484
18 MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 and MySQL Cluster NDB 7.4 .............................................................. 2487
18.1 MySQL Cluster Overview .............................................................................................. 2491
18.1.1 MySQL Cluster Core Concepts ........................................................................... 2492
18.1.2 MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions ............................. 2495
18.1.3 MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements ...................... 2498
18.1.4 MySQL Cluster Development History .................................................................. 2499
18.1.5 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with MySQL Cluster ............................... 2503
18.1.6 Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster .................................................................. 2507
18.2 MySQL Cluster Installation ............................................................................................ 2516
18.2.1 The MySQL Cluster Auto-Installer ....................................................................... 2518
18.2.2 Installation of MySQL Cluster on Linux ................................................................ 2534
18.2.3 Installing MySQL Cluster on Windows ................................................................. 2540
18.2.4 Initial Configuration of MySQL Cluster ................................................................. 2549
18.2.5 Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster .......................................................................... 2551
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xix
18.2.6 MySQL Cluster Example with Tables and Data .................................................... 2552
18.2.7 Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster .................................................... 2556
18.2.8 Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster ....................................................... 2557
18.3 Configuration of MySQL Cluster .................................................................................... 2559
18.3.1 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster ................................................................... 2560
18.3.2 MySQL Cluster Configuration Files ..................................................................... 2562
18.3.3 Overview of MySQL Cluster Configuration Parameters ......................................... 2649
18.3.4 MySQL Server Options and Variables for MySQL Cluster ..................................... 2676
18.3.5 Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster ........................................... 2750
18.4 MySQL Cluster Programs ............................................................................................. 2752
18.4.1 ndbd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon ................................................ 2752
18.4.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables ....................................... 2759
18.4.3 ndbmtd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded) ................... 2760
18.4.4 ndb_mgmd — The MySQL Cluster Management Server Daemon .......................... 2761
18.4.5 ndb_mgm — The MySQL Cluster Management Client ........................................... 2770
18.4.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of MySQL
Cluster Tables .............................................................................................................. 2771
18.4.7 ndb_config — Extract MySQL Cluster Configuration Information ........................ 2773
18.4.8 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development ........................................ 2782
18.4.9 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table ................................... 2782
18.4.10 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables ................................................................. 2782
18.4.11 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table ........................................ 2787
18.4.12 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table ........................................................ 2788
18.4.13 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility ...................................... 2789
18.4.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility .............................................. 2790
18.4.15 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents ......................... 2796
18.4.16 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents ................................... 2796
18.4.17 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents ........................ 2797
18.4.18 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents ............................... 2797
18.4.19 ndbd_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log ........ 2798
18.4.20 ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup .......................................... 2799
18.4.21 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table ........................................ 2813
18.4.22 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables ................................ 2816
18.4.23 ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for MySQL Cluster ............ 2817
18.4.24 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables ............................................ 2820
18.4.25 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator ........................... 2821
18.4.26 ndb_waiter — Wait for MySQL Cluster to Reach a Given Status ...................... 2824
18.4.27 Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs — Options Common to MySQL
Cluster Programs ......................................................................................................... 2827
18.5 Management of MySQL Cluster ..................................................................................... 2830
18.5.1 Summary of MySQL Cluster Start Phases ........................................................... 2831
18.5.2 Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client ......................................... 2832
18.5.3 Online Backup of MySQL Cluster ....................................................................... 2836
18.5.4 MySQL Server Usage for MySQL Cluster ............................................................ 2841
18.5.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster ................................................. 2842
18.5.6 Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster ........................................................ 2845
18.5.7 MySQL Cluster Log Messages ........................................................................... 2856
18.5.8 MySQL Cluster Single User Mode ...................................................................... 2871
18.5.9 Quick Reference: MySQL Cluster SQL Statements .............................................. 2872
18.5.10 The ndbinfo MySQL Cluster Information Database ............................................. 2874
18.5.11 MySQL Cluster Security Issues ......................................................................... 2906
18.5.12 MySQL Cluster Disk Data Tables ...................................................................... 2914
18.5.13 Adding MySQL Cluster Data Nodes Online ........................................................ 2920
18.5.14 Distributed MySQL Privileges for MySQL Cluster ............................................... 2932
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xx
18.5.15 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables ....................................................... 2935
18.6 MySQL Cluster Replication ........................................................................................... 2947
18.6.1 MySQL Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols ....................................... 2948
18.6.2 General Requirements for MySQL Cluster Replication .......................................... 2949
18.6.3 Known Issues in MySQL Cluster Replication ....................................................... 2950
18.6.4 MySQL Cluster Replication Schema and Tables .................................................. 2956
18.6.5 Preparing the MySQL Cluster for Replication ....................................................... 2960
18.6.6 Starting MySQL Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel) .......................... 2961
18.6.7 Using Two Replication Channels for MySQL Cluster Replication ........................... 2963
18.6.8 Implementing Failover with MySQL Cluster Replication ........................................ 2964
18.6.9 MySQL Cluster Backups With MySQL Cluster Replication .................................... 2966
18.6.10 MySQL Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication ....................... 2972
18.6.11 MySQL Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution .................................................. 2977
18.7 MySQL Cluster Release Notes ...................................................................................... 2991
19 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................. 2993
19.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL ................................................................................ 2995
19.2 Partitioning Types ......................................................................................................... 2998
19.2.1 RANGE Partitioning ........................................................................................... 3000
19.2.2 LIST Partitioning ................................................................................................ 3004
19.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning ....................................................................................... 3006
19.2.4 HASH Partitioning .............................................................................................. 3015
19.2.5 KEY Partitioning ................................................................................................ 3018
19.2.6 Subpartitioning ................................................................................................... 3020
19.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL .............................................................. 3023
19.3 Partition Management ................................................................................................... 3028
19.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions ....................................................... 3029
19.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions .......................................................... 3035
19.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables ............................................ 3036
19.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions ................................................................................... 3041
19.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions ................................................................ 3043
19.4 Partition Pruning ........................................................................................................... 3045
19.5 Partition Selection ......................................................................................................... 3048
19.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning .................................................................... 3054
19.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys ............................................... 3061
19.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines ............................................. 3065
19.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions ....................................................... 3066
19.6.4 Partitioning and Locking ..................................................................................... 3066
20 Stored Programs and Views .................................................................................................... 3069
20.1 Defining Stored Programs ............................................................................................. 3070
20.2 Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions) ........................................................ 3071
20.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax ....................................................................................... 3072
20.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges ............................................................... 3072
20.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata .................................................................................... 3073
20.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID() ......................... 3073
20.3 Using Triggers .............................................................................................................. 3073
20.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples ............................................................................. 3074
20.3.2 Trigger Metadata ............................................................................................... 3078
20.4 Using the Event Scheduler ............................................................................................ 3078
20.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview ................................................................................. 3078
20.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration ............................................................................ 3079
20.4.3 Event Syntax ..................................................................................................... 3081
20.4.4 Event Metadata ................................................................................................. 3082
20.4.5 Event Scheduler Status ...................................................................................... 3082
20.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges ........................................................ 3083
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