Django 1.5 官方文档精要

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"Django 1.5 官方文档" Django 1.5 是一个重要的版本，它是Django框架的一个稳定版本，由Django Software Foundation发布于2013年3月14日。这份官方文档是学习和开发Django 1.5应用程序的重要参考资料，它涵盖了从入门到进阶的所有关键知识点。 1. **Django文档概述** - **获取帮助**：文档提供了多种方式获取Django社区的支持和帮助，包括邮件列表、论坛和IRC频道。 - **初识Django**：对Django的基本概念和架构进行了介绍，帮助新用户快速理解其工作原理。 - **模型层**：Django的核心之一，用于定义数据模型和与数据库交互。 - **视图层**：处理HTTP请求，生成响应，是应用的业务逻辑部分。 - **模板层**：负责渲染数据为HTML，提供可定制的模板语言。 - **表单**：处理用户输入数据，验证和渲染HTML表单。 - **开发流程**：指导开发者如何设置开发环境和使用版本控制系统进行协作。 - **管理后台（Admin）**：自动生成的后台管理系统，方便管理应用数据。 - **安全**：讨论了Django的安全特性，如防止SQL注入和XSS攻击。 - **国际化和本地化**：支持多语言应用，可以进行内容的翻译和适应不同区域设置。 - **Python兼容性**：确认Django 1.5与哪个版本的Python兼容。 - **地理框架**：提供了地理数据处理和地图展示的支持。 - **常用Web应用工具**：如缓存、中间件、URL路由等。 - **其他核心功能**：包括电子邮件发送、静态文件处理等。 - **Django开源项目**：关于Django项目的治理、贡献和版本控制。 2. **开始使用Django** - **Django概览**：快速了解Django的核心功能和工作流程。 - **快速安装指南**：步骤指导如何在系统上安装Django 1.5。 - **编写第一个Django应用**：一系列分步教程，涵盖从创建项目到部署的全过程。 - **高级教程**：如何编写可重用的应用，提升代码复用性和模块化。 - **下一步阅读什么**：为读者提供进一步学习的推荐路径。 - **编写第一个Django补丁**：鼓励用户参与Django的开发，指导如何提交代码改进。 3. **使用Django** - **安装Django**：详述安装过程，包括设置Python环境和安装依赖。 - **模型和数据库**：介绍如何定义模型字段，以及ORM（对象关系映射）的工作方式。 - **处理HTTP请求**：讲解如何处理各种HTTP方法，如GET和POST，并返回响应。 - **工作与表单**：涵盖了表单的创建、验证和用户输入的处理。 - **更多内容**：包括中间件、模板标签和过滤器、测试框架、性能优化等深入话题。这份文档全面而详细，不仅适合初学者入门，也对经验丰富的开发者具有参考价值，可以帮助他们充分利用Django 1.5的功能构建高效、安全的Web应用。

Django Documentation, Release 1.5

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from

Python code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

from django.conf.urls import patterns

urlpatterns = patterns(’’,

(r’^articles/(\d{4})/$’, ’news.views.year_archive’),

(r’^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$’, ’news.views.month_archive’),

(r’^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$’, ’news.views.article_detail’),

)

The code above maps URLs, as simple regular expressions, to the location of Python callback functions (“views”).

The regular expressions use parenthesis to “capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs

through each pattern, in order, and stops at the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches,

Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is blazingly fast, because the regular expressions are compiled at load

time.

Once one of the regexes matches, Django imports and calls the given view, which is a simple Python function. Each

view gets passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the regex.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function

news.views.article_detail(request, ’2005’, ’05’, ’39323’).

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

return render_to_response(’news/year_archive.html’, {’year’: year, ’article_list’: a_list})

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst directory, it

checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

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Django Documentation, Release 1.5

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup: They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom ﬁlters. You can write custom template tags,

which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”: That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

{% load staticfiles %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different cell-phone editions of sites – simply by creating a new

base template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 1.5

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. It works with any Python version from 2.6.5 to 2.7. It also

features experimental support for versions 3.2 and 3.3. All these versions of Python include a lightweight database

called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get Python at http://www.python.org. If you’re running Linux or Mac OS X, you probably already have it installed.

Django on Jython

If you use Jython (a Python implementation for the Java platform), you’ll need to follow a few additional steps. See

Running Django on Jython for details.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 26 2010, 22:31:48)

[GCC 4.4.5] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

2.2.2 Set up a database

This step is only necessary if you’d like to work with a “large” database engine like PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle.

To install such a database, consult the database installation information.

2.2.3 Remove any old versions of Django

If you are upgrading your installation of Django from a previous version, you will need to uninstall the old Django

version before installing the new version.

2.2.4 Install Django

You’ve got three easy options to install Django:

• Install a version of Django provided by your operating system distribution. This is the quickest option for those

who have operating systems that distribute Django.

• Install an ofﬁcial release. This is the best approach for users who want a stable version number and aren’t

concerned about running a slightly older version of Django.

• Install the latest development version. This is best for users who want the latest-and-greatest features and aren’t

afraid of running brand-new code.

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Django Documentation, Release 1.5

Always refer to the documentation that corresponds to the version of Django you’re using!

If you do either of the ﬁrst two steps, keep an eye out for parts of the documentation marked new in development

version. That phrase ﬂags features that are only available in development versions of Django, and they likely won’t

work with an ofﬁcial release.

2.2.5 Verifying

To verify that Django can be seen by Python, type python from your shell. Then at the Python prompt, try to import

Django:

>>> import django

>>> print(django.get_version())

1.5

You may have another version of Django installed.

2.2.6 That’s it!

That’s it – you can now move onto the tutorial.

2.3 Writing your ﬁrst Django app, part 1

Let’s learn by example.

Throughout this tutorial, we’ll walk you through the creation of a basic poll application.

It’ll consist of two parts:

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command:

python -c "import django; print(django.get_version())"

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 1.5 and Python 2.x. If the Django version doesn’t match, you can refer to the tutorial

for your version of Django or update Django to the newest version. If you are using Python 3.x, be aware that your

code may need to differ from what is in the tutorial and you should continue using the tutorial only if you know what

you are doing with Python 3.x.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3. Writing your ﬁrst Django app, part 1 13

Django Documentation, Release 1.5

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

django-admin.py startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-

admin.py.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

__init__.py

settings.py

urls.py

wsgi.py

Doesn’t match what you see?

The default project layout recently changed. If you’re seeing a “ﬂat” layout (with no inner mysite/ directory),

you’re probably using a version of Django that doesn’t match this tutorial version. You’ll want to either switch to the

older tutorial or the newer Django version.

These ﬁles are:

• The outer mysite/ directory is just a container for your project. Its name doesn’t matter to Django; you can

rename it to anything you like.

• manage.py: A command-line utility that lets you interact with this Django project in various ways. You can

read all the details about manage.py in django-admin.py and manage.py.

• The inner mysite/ directory is the actual Python package for your project. Its name is the Python package

name you’ll need to use to import anything inside it (e.g. import mysite.settings).

• mysite/__init__.py: An empty ﬁle that tells Python that this directory should be considered a Python

package. (Read more about packages in the ofﬁcial Python docs if you’re a Python beginner.)

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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