QGIS 1.8.0用户指南：从入门到高级功能详解

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QGIS User Guide 是一份详细的开源地理信息系统（GIS）教程，针对QGIS 1.8.0版本进行编写，提供给用户逐步了解和使用QGIS软件的方法。该文档主要分为以下几个部分： 1. **Preamble**：介绍章节，概述QGIS作为一款开源GIS软件的目的、特点和其在地理信息处理中的重要性。 2. **Conventions**：这部分阐述了文档中的约定和术语，帮助读者理解专业术语的定义和使用标准。 3. **Foreword**：简短的前言，包含QGIS的起源、目标用户以及版本1.8.0的主要改进和新功能。 4. **Introduction to GIS**：讲解地理信息系统的基础概念，包括数据类型、地图制作和分析过程等，为初学者提供入门知识。 5. **Features**：详细列出QGIS的功能模块，包括查看和处理数据（4.1），探索数据、创建地图（4.2），编辑和管理数据（4.3），数据分析（4.4），以及发布地图到互联网（4.5）。此外，还提到通过插件扩展QGIS功能（4.6）和新版本1.8的主要更新内容。 6. **Getting Started**：这部分重点在于引导用户安装QGIS（5.1）、如何获取示例数据（5.2）、设置初始工作环境（5.3），以及启动、停止应用和命令行选项的使用（5.4-5.6）。项目管理和输出设置也在这一部分介绍（5.7）。 7. **QGIS GUI**：详细介绍QGIS图形用户界面，包括菜单栏（6.1）、工具栏（6.2），地图视图（6.4），状态栏（6.5），以及各种工具如键盘快捷键、上下文帮助、渲染、测量、装饰和注释工具等（6.1-6.8）。 8. **QGIS Configuration**：指导用户配置QGIS的工作环境，包括面板和工具栏定制（8.1）、项目属性设置（8.2），以及更高级的选项（8.3）、个性化设置（8.4）和投影管理（9.1）。 9. **Working with Projections**：这部分深入解释地图投影的重要性，以及如何在QGIS中正确处理和转换不同的地图投影。这份指南不仅提供了实用的步骤，还为QGIS的新手和经验者提供了丰富的参考资料，确保用户能够充分利用这款强大的开源GIS软件进行数据处理、分析和可视化工作。无论是对基础操作的掌握还是高级功能的探索，都能从中找到所需的信息。

QGIS User Guide, Release 1.8.0

• Change vector and raster symbology

• Add a graticule layer - now via fTools plugin and as decoration

• Decorate your map with a north arrow scale bar and copyright label

• Save and restore projects

4.3 Create, edit, manage and export data

You can create, edit, manage and export vector maps in several formats. Raster data have to be imported into

GRASS to be able to edit and export them into other formats. QGIS offers the following:

• Digitizing tools for OGR supported formats and GRASS vector layer.

• Create and edit shapeﬁles and GRASS vector layers.

• Geocode images with the Georeferencer plugin.

• GPS tools to import and export GPX format, and convert other GPS formats to GPX or down/upload directly

to a GPS unit (on Linux, usb: has been addedto list of GPS devices).

• Visualize and edit OpenStreetMap data.

• Create PostGIS layers from shapeﬁles with the SPIT plugin.

• Improved handling of PostGIS tables.

• Manage vector attribute tables with the new attribute table (see section Working with the Attribute Table) or

Table Manager plugin.

• Save screenshots as georeferenced images.

4.4 Analyse data

You can perform spatial data analysis on PostgreSQL/PostGIS and other OGR supported formats using the fTools

Python plugin. QGIS currently offers vector analysis, sampling, geoprocessing, geometry and database manage-

ment tools. You can also use the integrated GRASS tools, which include the complete GRASS functionality of

more than 400 modules (See Section GRASS GIS Integration). Or you work with SEXTANTE, which provides

powerful a geospatial analysis framework to call native and third party algorithms from QGIS, such as GDAL,

SAGA, GRASS, fTools and more (see section SEXTANTE).

4.5 Publish maps on the Internet

QGIS can be used to export data to a mapﬁle and to publish them on the Internet using a webserver with UMN

MapServer installed. QGIS can also be used as a WMS, WMS-C or WFS and WFS-T client, and as WMS or WFS

server (see section Working with OGC Data).

4.6 Extend QGIS functionality through plugins

QGIS can be adapted to your special needs with the extensible plugin architecture. QGIS provides libraries that

can be used to create plugins. You can even create new applications with C++ or Python!

10 Chapter 4. Features

QGIS User Guide, Release 1.8.0

4.6.1 Core Plugins

1. Add Delimited Text Layer (Loads and displays delimited text ﬁles containing x,y coordinates)

2. Coordinate Capture (Capture mouse coordinates in different CRS)

3. DB Manager (Exchange, edit and view layers and tables; execute SQL queries)

4. Diagram Overlay (Placing diagrams on vector layer)

5. Dxf2Shp Converter (Convert DXF to Shape)

6. GPS Tools (Loading and importing GPS data)

7. GRASS (GRASS GIS integration)

8. GDALTools (Integrate GDAL Tools into QGIS)

9. Georeferencer GDAL (Adding projection information to raster using GDAL)

10. Heatmap tool (Generating raster heatmaps from point data)

11. Interpolation plugin (interpolate based on vertices of a vector layer)

12. Mapserver Export (Export QGIS project ﬁle to a MapServer map ﬁle)

13. Ofﬂine Editing (Allow ofﬂine editing and synchronizing with database)

14. OpenStreetMap plugin (Viewer and editor for openstreetmap data)

15. Oracle Spatial GeoRaster support

16. Plugin Installer (Download and install QGIS python plugins)

17. Raster terrain analysis (Raster based terrain analysis)

18. Road graph plugin (Shortest Path network analysis)

19. SPIT (Import Shapeﬁle to PostgreSQL/PostGIS)

20. SQL Anywhere Plugin (Store vector layers within a SQL Anywhere database)

21. Zonal statictics plugin (Calculate count, sum, mean of raster for each polygon of a vector layer)

22. Spatial Query plugin (Makes spatial queries on vector layers)

23. eVIS (Event Visualization Tool)

24. fTools (Tools for vector data analysis and management)

4.6.2 External Python Plugins

QGIS offers a growing number of external python plugins that are provided by the community. These plugins

reside in the ofﬁcial PyQGIS repository, and can be easily installed using the Python Plugin Installer (See Section

Loading an external QGIS Plugin).

4.7 What’s new in the version 1.8

Please note that this is a release in our ‘cutting edge’ release series. As such it contains new features and extends

the programmatic interface over QGIS 1.0.x and QGIS 1.7.0. We recommend that you use this version over

previous releases.

This release includes hundreds of bug ﬁxes and many new features and enhancements that will be described in

this manual.

QGIS Browser

A stand alone app and a new panel in QGIS. The browser lets you easily navigate your ﬁle system and connection

based (PostGIS, WFS etc.) datasets, preview them and drag and drop items into the canvas.

4.7. What’s new in the version 1.8 11

QGIS User Guide, Release 1.8.0

DB Manager

The DB manager is now ofﬁcially part of QGIS core. You can drag layers from the QGIS Browser into DB

Manager and it will import your layer into your spatial database. Drag and drop tables between spatial databases

and they will get imported. You can use the DB Manager to execute SQL queries against your spatial database

and then view the spatial output for queries by adding the results to QGIS as a query layer. You can also create,

edit, delete, and empty tables, and move them to another schema.

Terrain Analysis Plugin

A new core plugin was added for doing terrain analysis (slope, aspect, hillshade, relief and ruggedness index).

New symbol layer types

• Line Pattern Fill

• Point Pattern Fill

• Ellipse renderer (render ellipse and also rectangles, triangles, crosses)

New plugin repository

Note that the old repository is now no longer supported by default; plugin authors are kindly requested to move

their plugins to the new repository. Get the QGIS Plugins list at http://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/

More new features

• Support for nesting projects within other projects to embed content from other project ﬁles

• Group Selected: Option to group layers to a group

• Message log: Lets you keep an eye on the messages QGIS generates during loading and operation

• GUI Customization: Allows setting up simpliﬁed QGIS interface by hiding various components of main

window and widgets in dialogs

• Action Tool is now accessible from the map tools toolbar and allows you to click on a vector feature and

execute an action

• New scale selector: select from a list of predeﬁned scales

• Pan To Selected tool: Pans the map to selected feature(s); does not change the zoom level

• Copy and paste styles between layers

• Updated CRS selector dialog

• Deﬁne Legend-independent drawing order

• MSSQL Spatial Support - you can now connect to your Microsoft SQL Server spatial databases using QGIS

• Print Composers allows to have multiple lines on legend items using a speciﬁed character

• Expression based labeling

• Heatmap Plugin - a new core plugin has been added for generating raster heatmaps from point data

• The GPS live tracking user interface was overhauled and many ﬁxes and improvements were added to it

• The menu was re-organised a little - we now have separate menus for Vector, Raster, Web and many plugins

were updated to place their menus in the new Vector, Raster and Web top level menus

• Offset Curves - a new digitising tool for creating offset curves was added

• New tools in the Vector menu to Densify geometries and Build spatial index

• Export/add geometry column tool can export info using layer CRS, project CRS or ellipsoidal measurements

• Model/view based tree for rules in rule-based renderer

• Improvements in Spatial Bookmarks

• New Plugin metadata in metadata.txt

12 Chapter 4. Features

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