全球核能升级：30年MSR修复经验与未来设计的关键
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本文档《30 Years of MSR Restoration and Upgrade – An Experience Base for Future Designs》主要探讨了全球核能发电厂在经历了初始许可期后面临的升级和改造过程。许多核电站由于设计保守性而接近其初始许可期限的结束，发电能力正通过重新评估来提升，以应对性能衰退、降低历史上的高维护成本，并满足扩大容量的需求。在这个过程中，一个重要转变是认识到汽水分离再热器（Moisture Separator Reheaters, MSR）的角色不再仅仅是平衡电厂(BOP)辅助设备，它们对兆瓦电力生成（MWe）、电站运行稳定性和可靠性的影响日益受到重视。
自上世纪80年代以来，已有超过90套MSR系统经历了改造升级。这些经验积累为未来的设计提供了宝贵的学习材料。作者们，来自国际热能工程领域的Abraham Yarden、Clement Tam以及来自日本日立公司Power&Industrial System的Akira Okabe，深入剖析了MSR在提高能源效率、确保安全运行和优化维护策略中的关键作用。他们可能涵盖了以下内容：
1. **MSR改造技术的发展**：文中可能会详细讨论了过去30年间MSR设计和技术的进步，包括材料选择、构造优化、热交换效率的提升以及对环境条件适应性的增强。
2. **性能指标与案例分析**：文章可能列举了若干成功或具有挑战性的MSR升级案例，分析了不同解决方案如何改善了电站的整体性能，如发电效率、蒸汽品质和设备寿命。
3. **故障预防与可靠性提升**：由于MSR对电站稳定性的重要性，文章可能探讨了如何通过改进设计和维护策略减少故障发生的可能性，以及如何利用先进的监控和诊断技术提高可靠性。
4. **法规与标准的变化**：随着对MSR作用认识的深化，可能提及了核电行业对相关法规和标准的更新，以适应MSR作为核心设备的地位。
5. **经济与环境效益**：论文可能还涉及了MSR升级对于节能减排、降低运行成本以及符合环保政策的积极影响。
6. **对未来设计的启示**：基于过去的教训和经验，作者们可能会提出关于未来MSR设计和核电站升级方向的前瞻性建议，强调了可持续性和技术创新的重要性。
《30 Years of MSR Restoration and Upgrade》不仅回顾了过去的技术历程，也为我们展望了在新一代核电站设计中如何更好地融入和优化MSR系统提供了有价值的知识基石。
Paper Classification number: T-I
30 Years
OfMSR
Restoration And Upgrade, An Experience Base For Future
Designs
Abraham
L.
Yarden
Thermal Engineering [nternational
California, USA
Clement
W.
Tam
Thermal Engineering [nternational
California, USA
AkiraOkabe
Hitachi, Ltd., Power & Industrial
System, Japan
Abstract
Many existing Nuclear power plants world-wide
are
undergoing a new birth - approaching the end
of
their
initial licensing period, their generating capacity is now
being uprated through a recognition
of
the conservatism
of
their initial design; their MSRs upgraded to restore
deteriorated performance, eliminate historically high
maintenance costs and to meet the added needs
of
this
plant
uprating;
and
re-licensed
for
continued
operation
into
the years ahead. An important aspect
of
this process is the
recognition that the moisture separator reheaters (MSRs)
can
no
longer be considered to be mere balance-of-plant
(BOP) auxiliaries - their significant impact on MWe
generation, plant operating stability, and reliability has
become increasingly appreciated. Over the years
in
excess
90 sets
of
MSRs have been already redesigned and
reconstructed worldwide.
Over the past 30 years, MSRs
of
every type, and lately
MS
vessels have been upgraded for a variety
of
operational
reasons to take full advantage
of
the advancing technology
that has emerged on many
ITonts.
While this has permitted
the plant upratings currently in progress and decreased the
unacceptably high maintenance costs and MWe loss
experienced, it has also, perhaps more importantly, pointed
the way toward the efficient, reliable MSR designs
required
for
the new generation
of
much
larger
nuclear
power plants being built and planned for the years ahead.
1
INTRODUCTION
There
are
a wide variety
of
specific moisture
separator
reheater (MSR) designs and several moisture separator
(MS) designs for original equipment, which were created
over the years. For this reason, MSR and
MS
redesign and
reconstruction projects have,
of
necessity, been unique
to
the specific design - there is no standard to the MSR or
MS upgrade process. These projects run the gamut
ITom
mere moisture-separation system replacement
all
the way
to total redesign and replacement
of
entire MSRs including
the vessels. To illustrate both the range and specifics
of
these successfully completed projects, several are cited
here. Overall, this will clearly show that the nuclear
industry has
in
hand the wherewithal to meet the
continuing needs
of
today and challenges
of
the future
in
providing the advanced MSR technology that will assure
long-term successful operation
of
the new, large LWR
nuclear power plants to come.
A good example
of
this is the relatively recent advent
of
nuclear power in the Peoples Republic
of
China which has
given stimulus to new MSR original-equipment designs.
Although its first indigenous nuclear power plant, a 300-
MWe PWR at the Qinshan site, was equipped with MSRs
largely similar to the licensor's original design, the four
new 700-MWe units now under construction
and
nearing
completion employ advanced MSR designs and are
expected
to
show improvements
in
performance,
reliability, and life over those recently built
in
east Asia
using standard earlier designs. These new designs at
Qinshan do not depart from the well-established design
principles
of
the past. Rather, they evolve
ITom
them and
improve them
in
areas
of
real
impact - size, accessibility,
flow streamlining,
and
resistance
to
flow-assisted corrosion
(FAC).
Broadly speaking, MSR components can be classified as
moisture separators, reheaters,
and
vessels. Within each
of
these component classifications, there exist a wide variety
of
active
and
passive element considerations - thermal,
hydraulic, mechanical, metallurgical, radiological,
architectural, and structural for example including
unique installation problems and schedules.
2 MOISTURE SEPARATORS (MS)
The efficiency
of
originally installed moisture separators
(MS)
in
non-reheat and reheat nuclear steam cycles, has
always been doubtful. Efficiency levels achieved
in
old
MS
technologies lacked means
of
quantification, and
assumptions made regarding their efficiency were highly
optimistic. As a result these MSs
in
reheat cycles have
traditionally been unnecessarily high consumers
of
inlet
throttle and/or extraction steam,
if
only
to
evaporate
moisture not mechanically separated. This inefficiency
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