Ubuntu服务器配置指南

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"Ubuntu Server Guide 是一份详尽的指南，旨在帮助用户安装和配置Ubuntu服务器系统，以满足各种需求。这份文档由Ubuntu文档团队维护，并遵循Creative Commons Share Alike 2.5 License发布，允许修改、扩展和改进，但衍生作品也必须在相同许可下发布。" Ubuntu Server Guide 是Ubuntu用户的重要参考资料，它涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Ubuntu服务器安装**：指南提供了详细的步骤，指导用户如何在物理或虚拟环境中安装Ubuntu服务器版本，包括选择正确的安装选项、分区策略和网络设置。 2. **基础系统配置**：包括设置主机名、时区、用户账户和权限管理，以及初始化系统的安全措施，如防火墙（ufw或iptables）和SSH密钥认证。 3. **软件包管理和更新**：介绍如何使用apt（Advanced Package Tool）来安装、更新和管理服务器上的软件包，以及如何保持系统安全更新。 4. **网络服务**：详细阐述了配置和管理DNS服务器（bind9）、DHCP服务器、HTTP服务器（Apache或Nginx）、FTP服务器（vsftpd）和电子邮件服务器（Postfix或Exim4）的方法。 5. **数据库服务**：涵盖MySQL/MariaDB和PostgreSQL数据库的安装、配置及日常管理，包括创建数据库、用户和权限设置。 6. **文件和打印服务**：讲解如何设置Samba以实现Windows和Linux之间的文件共享，以及CUPS（Common Unix Printing System）的配置，使得打印机能够在网络上共享。 7. **虚拟化技术**：介绍KVM（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）和LXC（Linux Containers）的使用，以及如何在Ubuntu服务器上设置和管理虚拟机。 8. **系统监控和日志管理**：如何使用syslog、Logwatch、Nagios、Zabbix等工具来监控系统性能、资源使用情况和故障检测。 9. **高可用性和故障转移**：涉及HAProxy、Heartbeat和DRBD等技术，用于构建高可用性集群和数据复制。 10. **安全最佳实践**：提供有关系统安全的建议，如定期审计、使用强密码策略、限制不必要的服务以及采用入侵检测系统（IDS/IPS）。 11. **备份与恢复策略**：讨论如何制定合理的数据备份计划，以及如何在必要时进行系统和数据恢复。 12. **云集成**：介绍将Ubuntu服务器与Amazon Web Services (AWS)、Google Cloud Platform (GCP) 或其他云平台集成的方法。通过遵循这份Ubuntu Server Guide，无论是新手还是经验丰富的系统管理员，都能有效地部署和管理Ubuntu服务器，确保系统的稳定运行和高效性能。

Installation

4. Advanced Installation

4.1. Software RAID

RAID is a method of configuring multiple hard drives to act as one, reducing the probability of

catastrophic data loss in case of drive failure. RAID is implemented in either software (where the

operating system knows about both drives and actively maintains both of them) or hardware (where a

special controller makes the OS think there's only one drive and maintains the drives 'invisibly').

The RAID software included with current versions of Linux (and Ubuntu) is based on the 'mdadm'

driver and works very well, better even than many so-called 'hardware' RAID controllers. This section

will guide you through installing Ubuntu Server Edition using two RAID1 partitions on two physical

hard drives, one for / and another for swap.

4.1.1. Partitioning

Follow the installation steps until you get to the Partition disks step, then:

1. Select Manual as the partition method.

2. Select the first hard drive, and agree to "Create a new empty partition table on this device?".

Repeat this step for each drive you wish to be part of the RAID array.

3. Select the "FREE SPACE" on the first drive then select "Create a new partition".

4. Next, select the Size of the partition. This partition will be the swap partition, and a general

rule for swap size is twice that of RAM. Enter the partition size, then choose Primary, then

Beginning.

A swap partition size of twice the available RAM capacity may not always be

desirable, especially on systems with large amounts of RAM. Calculating the swap

partition size for servers is highly dependent on how the system is going to be used.

5. Select the "Use as:" line at the top. By default this is "Ext4 journaling file system", change that to

"physical volume for RAID" then "Done setting up partition".

6. For the / partition once again select "Free Space" on the first drive then "Create a new partition".

7. Use the rest of the free space on the drive and choose Continue, then Primary.

8. As with the swap partition, select the "Use as:" line at the top, changing it to "physical volume

for RAID". Also select the "Bootable flag:" line to change the value to "on". Then choose "Done

setting up partition".

9. Repeat steps three through eight for the other disk and partitions.

4.1.2. RAID Configuration

With the partitions setup the arrays are ready to be configured:

Installation

1. Back in the main "Partition Disks" page, select "Configure Software RAID" at the top.

2. Select "yes" to write the changes to disk.

3. Choose "Create MD device".

4. For this example, select "RAID1", but if you are using a different setup choose the appropriate

type (RAID0 RAID1 RAID5).

In order to use RAID5 you need at least three drives. Using RAID0 or RAID1 only two

drives are required.

5. Enter the number of active devices "2", or the amount of hard drives you have, for the array.

Then select "Continue".

6. Next, enter the number of spare devices "0" by default, then choose "Continue".

7. Choose which partitions to use. Generally they will be sda1, sdb1, sdc1, etc. The numbers will

usually match and the different letters correspond to different hard drives.

For the swap partition choose sda1 and sdb1. Select "Continue" to go to the next step.

8. Repeat steps three through seven for the / partition choosing sda2 and sdb2.

9. Once done select "Finish".

4.1.3. Formatting

There should now be a list of hard drives and RAID devices. The next step is to format and set the

mount point for the RAID devices. Treat the RAID device as a local hard drive, format and mount

accordingly.

1. Select "#1" under the "RAID1 device #0" partition.

2. Choose "Use as:". Then select "swap area", then "Done setting up partition".

3. Next, select "#1" under the "RAID1 device #1" partition.

4. Choose "Use as:". Then select "Ext4 journaling file system".

5. Then select the "Mount point" and choose "/ - the root file system". Change any of the other

options as appropriate, then select "Done setting up partition".

6. Finally, select "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk".

If you choose to place the root partition on a RAID array, the installer will then ask if you would like

to boot in a degraded state. See Section 4.1.4, “Degraded RAID” [p. 11] for further details.

The installation process will then continue normally.

4.1.4. Degraded RAID

At some point in the life of the computer a disk failure event may occur. When this happens, using

Software RAID, the operating system will place the array into what is known as a degraded state.

Installation

If the array has become degraded, due to the chance of data corruption, by default Ubuntu Server

Edition will boot to initramfs after thirty seconds. Once the initramfs has booted there is a fifteen

second prompt giving you the option to go ahead and boot the system, or attempt manual recover.

Booting to the initramfs prompt may or may not be the desired behavior, especially if the machine is

in a remote location. Booting to a degraded array can be configured several ways:

• The dpkg-reconfigure utility can be used to configure the default behavior, and during the process

you will be queried about additional settings related to the array. Such as monitoring, email alerts,

etc. To reconfigure mdadm enter the following:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure mdadm

• The dpkg-reconfigure mdadm process will change the /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/mdadm

configuration file. The file has the advantage of being able to pre-configure the system's behavior,

and can also be manually edited:

BOOT_DEGRADED=true

The configuration file can be overridden by using a Kernel argument.

• Using a Kernel argument will allow the system to boot to a degraded array as well:

• When the server is booting press Shift to open the Grub menu.

• Press e to edit your kernel command options.

• Press the down arrow to highlight the kernel line.

• Add "bootdegraded=true" (without the quotes) to the end of the line.

• Press Ctrl+x to boot the system.

Once the system has booted you can either repair the array see Section 4.1.5, “RAID

Maintenance” [p. 12] for details, or copy important data to another machine due to major

hardware failure.

4.1.5. RAID Maintenance

The mdadm utility can be used to view the status of an array, add disks to an array, remove disks, etc:

• To view the status of an array, from a terminal prompt enter:

sudo mdadm -D /dev/md0

The -D tells mdadm to display detailed information about the /dev/md0 device. Replace /dev/md0

with the appropriate RAID device.

• To view the status of a disk in an array:

sudo mdadm -E /dev/sda1

Installation

4.2. Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Logical Volume Manger, or LVM, allows administrators to create logical volumes out of one or

multiple physical hard disks. LVM volumes can be created on both software RAID partitions and

standard partitions residing on a single disk. Volumes can also be extended, giving greater flexibility

to systems as requirements change.

4.2.1. Overview

A side effect of LVM's power and flexibility is a greater degree of complication. Before diving into

the LVM installation process, it is best to get familiar with some terms.

• Volume Group (VG): contains one or several Logical Volumes (LV).

• Logical Volume (LV): is similar to a partition in a non-LVM system. Multiple Physical Volumes

(PV) can make up one LV, on top of which resides the actual EXT3, XFS, JFS, etc filesystem.

• Physical Volume (PV): physical hard disk or software RAID partition. The Volume Group can be

extended by adding more PVs.

4.2.2. Installation

As an example this section covers installing Ubuntu Server Edition with /srv mounted on a LVM

volume. During the initial install only one Physical Volume (PV) will be part of the Volume Group

(VG). Another PV will be added after install to demonstrate how a VG can be extended.

There are several installation options for LVM, "Guided - use the entire disk and setup LVM" which

will also allow you to assign a portion of the available space to LVM, "Guided - use entire and setup

encrypted LVM", or Manually setup the partitions and configure LVM. At this time the only way to

configure a system with both LVM and standard partitions, during installation, is to use the Manual

approach.

1. Follow the installation steps until you get to the Partition disks step, then:

2. At the "Partition Disks screen choose "Manual".

3. Select the hard disk and on the next screen choose "yes" to "Create a new empty partition table

on this device".

4. Next, create standard /boot, swap, and / partitions with whichever filesystem you prefer.

5. For the LVM /srv, create a new Logical partition. Then change "Use as" to "physical volume for

LVM" then "Done setting up the partition".

6. Now select "Configure the Logical Volume Manager" at the top, and choose "Yes" to write the

changes to disk.

7. For the "LVM configuration action" on the next screen, choose "Create volume group". Enter a

name for the VG such as vg01, or something more descriptive. After entering a name, select the

partition configured for LVM, and choose "Continue".

8. Back at the "LVM configuration action" screen, select "Create logical volume". Select the

newly created volume group, and enter a name for the new LV, for example srv since that is the

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