PostgreSQL 9.4.4 官方参考手册
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"这是一份详细的PostgreSQL 9.4.4版本的官方参考文档，由PostgreSQL全球开发团队提供。这份文档对于深入理解和有效利用PostgreSQL这一开源数据库系统至关重要。文档涵盖了从基础到高级的各种功能，包括安装、配置、查询语言、数据类型、表、索引、视图、触发器、存储过程、事务处理、复制、性能优化等多个方面。"
PostgreSQL是一种强大的开源关系型数据库管理系统，以其高度的稳定性和丰富的功能而受到广泛赞誉。在PostgreSQL 9.4.4版本中，引入了许多改进和新特性，例如：
1. **JSONB支持**：9.4版本引入了JSONB数据类型，允许更高效地存储和查询JSON格式的数据，提高了处理结构化和半结构化数据的能力。
2. **并行查询**：在9.4中，PostgreSQL实现了并行查询机制，尤其是在聚合和索引扫描操作中，显著提升了大数据集的处理速度。
3. **临时表空间**：允许用户创建临时表空间，提高了多用户并发环境下的性能和资源管理。
4. **窗口函数增强**：扩展了窗口函数的功能，使分析查询更为强大，可以进行复杂的行间计算和排序。
5. **即时分析（Real-time Analytics）**：通过改进的统计信息收集和分析，使得数据库能够更好地适应实时分析的需求。
6. **安全性和权限管理**：包括改进的角色管理和访问控制，确保数据的安全性。
7. **复制和高可用性**：提供了多种复制选项，如流复制和逻辑复制，增强了系统的高可用性和灾难恢复能力。
8. **性能优化**：包括更快的VACUUM操作、优化的索引访问方法等，提升了整体性能。
9. **语言扩展**：支持多种编程语言作为存储过程，如PL/pgSQL、Perl、Python等，增强了数据库的灵活性和可编程性。
在阅读这份文档时，读者将深入了解PostgreSQL的体系结构，学习如何创建、管理数据库，编写高效的SQL查询，以及如何进行性能调优。此外，文档还包含错误处理、日志记录、备份与恢复等实用信息，对于DBA和开发者来说是不可或缺的资源。文档中的每个章节都详细解释了各个主题，并且通常配有示例和最佳实践，便于理解和应用。PostgreSQL 9.4.4的官方文档是一份详尽的参考资料，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中获益匪浅。
31.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information ...................................................... 675
31.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information .......................................................679
31.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands .................................679
31.4. Asynchronous Command Processing...................................................................682
31.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row .............................................................. 686
31.6. Canceling Queries in Progress.............................................................................. 687
31.7. The Fast-Path Interface.........................................................................................688
31.8. Asynchronous Notification...................................................................................689
31.9. Functions Associated with the COPY Command ..................................................690
31.9.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data............................................................ 690
31.9.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data......................................................... 691
31.9.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY ...................................................................692
31.10. Control Functions ............................................................................................... 694
31.11. Miscellaneous Functions ....................................................................................695
31.12. Notice Processing ............................................................................................... 697
31.13. Event System...................................................................................................... 698
31.13.1. Event Types............................................................................................698
31.13.2. Event Callback Procedure......................................................................700
31.13.3. Event Support Functions........................................................................ 701
31.13.4. Event Example....................................................................................... 702
31.14. Environment Variables .......................................................................................704
31.15. The Password File ..............................................................................................706
31.16. The Connection Service File ..............................................................................706
31.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters..........................................................707
31.18. SSL Support........................................................................................................708
31.18.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates ............................................... 708
31.18.2. Client Certificates...................................................................................709
31.18.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes ................................................709
31.18.4. SSL Client File Usage............................................................................711
31.18.5. SSL Library Initialization ......................................................................711
31.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs.........................................................................712
31.20. Building libpq Programs.....................................................................................713
31.21. Example Programs.............................................................................................. 714
32. Large Objects ....................................................................................................................723
32.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................723
32.2. Implementation Features ......................................................................................723
32.3. Client Interfaces.................................................................................................... 723
32.3.1. Creating a Large Object........................................................................... 724
32.3.2. Importing a Large Object.........................................................................724
32.3.3. Exporting a Large Object.........................................................................725
32.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object...........................................................725
32.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object................................................................725
32.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object ..........................................................726
32.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object........................................................................726
32.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object........................................726
32.3.9. Truncating a Large Object ....................................................................... 727
32.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor ........................................................727
32.3.11. Removing a Large Object ......................................................................727
32.4. Server-side Functions ...........................................................................................728
32.5. Example Program ................................................................................................. 729
33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C............................................................................................ 734
33.1. The Concept.......................................................................................................... 734
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