OpenStreetMap SHP格式数据层化标准0.7：详细特征目录
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更新于2024-07-06
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本资源是关于OpenStreetMap数据在地理信息系统（GIS）层格式中的标准化描述，版本为0.7.11，发布于2021年8月12日。作者Frederik Ramm分享了详细的规范，旨在确保数据的一致性和可读性。文件主要关注SHP格式的使用，这是一种广泛用于地理数据交换的文件类型。
1. **文件结构与预览**:
- 文件名为"geofabrik-osm-gis-standard-0.7.pdf"，它提供了对OpenStreetMap数据如何按照GIS标准组织的全面指南，特别是对于SHP格式的应用。
2. **GIS格式介绍**:
- 标准化包括地图投影、字符编码、属性名称规定以及国际名称的处理。这些细节确保数据在全球范围内的一致性，便于地图制作和分析。
3. **数据分类与层次**:
- 文件将OpenStreetMap的数据分为多个层次，如地点（places）、兴趣点（Points of Interest）、宗教场所（pofw）、自然特征（natural）、交通设施（traffic）、运输基础设施（transport）、能源生成与分配（power）、边界（boundaries）、道路（roads）、铁路（railways）、水道（waterways）、海岸线（coastline）、电力线路（powerlines）、跑道（runways）、废弃或规划中的基础设施（nonop），以及障碍物线性特征（barrier）。
4. **特定要素的详细说明**:
- 对每个类别进行了详细的特性目录，比如地方（places）包括城市、村庄等，兴趣点可能涵盖历史遗迹、公共设施等；自然特征涵盖了地貌、生物多样性等；交通元素则涵盖了道路网络、铁路系统等。
5. **数据完整性**:
- 文件强调了点和区域（points and areas）的处理方法，以及可能存在的溢出shape文件（spillover Shape Files），这些有助于管理大规模数据集中的细节。
6. **通用属性**:
- 标准定义了共同属性，确保数据在各个层之间具有必要的统一性，以便进行数据整合和分析。
通过这份标准，用户和开发者能够更好地理解和使用OpenStreetMap的SHP格式数据，进行地理空间数据分析、地图制作，或者将其与其他GIS工具和服务集成。这份文档对于任何处理OpenStreetMap数据的专业人员都是宝贵的参考资料。
OpenStreetMap Data in Layered GIS Format // Version 0.7.11
2.7 Layers
In OSM there are no layers in the traditional GIS sense. All features are in one big coherent
database.
For the purpose of the mapping described in this document, the features stored in the OSM
database are extracted into dierent layers depending on their type.
All layers dened in this document use the “osm_” prex for their names.
To allow for future changes of this document, the document version number is embedded in
the layer names. So the “roads” layer in version 1.0 is called “osm_roads_v10” in le names,
WMS layers etc.
2.8 Points and Areas
e availability of high-resolution aerial imagery has led to many POI features being
recorded as areas (building or site outlines), not points, in OpenStreetMap. You will, for
example, oen nd a restaurant or hotel drawn as an area. is makes processing dicult
because you have to cater for both types of POIs even if you are not interested in areas.
e Geofabrik shape les alleviate this problem by converting any area feature to a point,
and adding it to the appropriate point layer. All point layers which are marked as having an
“associated area layer” in this document work this way. ey will have an extra “geomtype”
column that has one of the three values “N” (=the feature stems from a node, or point, in
OSM), “W” (=the feature stems from a way, a simple area, in OSM), or “R” (=the feature
stems from a multipolygon relation in OSM). For these layers, there will be an extra shape
le with the name sux “_a” containing the proper polygon.
So in case you are not interested in areas, you can just ignore the “geomtype” column in the
point shape, and process everything normally. e automatic conversion of areas to points
will make sure that you do not lose any information. If, however, you would like to process
areas wherever they are available, then you should disregard the auto-converted objects of
types “W” and “R” from the point shape, and additionally use the polygons from the _a
shape.
Note that sometimes features are contained twice in the OSM database, once as point and
once as area. If this happens, they will turn up twice in these layers.
2.9 Spillover Shape Files
When a certain layer becomes too large for one shape le (shape les are limited to 2 GB in
size), it will automatically spill over into additional shape les. A shape le named
“osm_pois_v07_1.shp” will have spillover shape les names “osm_pois_v07_2.shp”,
“osm_pois_v07_3.shp” and so on.
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