自定义Linux系统构建指南：Linux From Scratch 10.0

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"Linux From Scratch (LFS) 是一个独特而深入的项目，它指导用户按照详细的步骤从源代码构建自定义的Linux系统。《Linux From Scratch Version 10.0》由Gerard Beekmans创建并经由Bruce Dubbs担任管理编辑，于2020年9月1日发布。该版本的版权归属Gerard Beekmans，遵循Creative Commons许可协议，允许在一定的条件下进行计算机指令提取，并且特别指出Linux®是Linus Torvalds的注册商标。这本书的核心目标是让用户理解Linux操作系统的底层工作原理，通过亲手安装和配置每一个组件，培养用户的系统构建技能。LFS教程适用于希望通过了解和实践构建过程来深入掌握Linux的读者，无论是对Linux有兴趣的新手还是经验丰富的开发者。第1章“Introduction”介绍了LFS系统的构建过程，包括如何构建以及新版本与上一版的主要更新。它还列出了 changelog，概述了新功能和改进，以及提供了相关的资源和帮助渠道，以便读者在整个过程中寻求支持。第2章“Preparing the Host System”是构建之旅的起点，讲解了主机系统的要求，如硬件规格和操作系统环境。这一章节强调了分阶段进行LFS构建的重要性，确保每一步都是可控和可管理的。随着章节深入，读者将学习如何安装基础工具、配置编译器、管理源代码库、构建内核和基本系统软件等关键环节。LFS不仅教导技术层面的知识，还包括遵循标准和最佳实践，以确保构建出稳定和兼容的系统。《Linux From Scratch Version 10.0》的书目涵盖了广泛的主题，从基础的准备到高级的定制选项，旨在提供一个全面且富有挑战性的学习体验。通过阅读和实践本书，读者将获得一种更深层次的理解，能够根据自身需求打造独一无二的Linux发行版。" 这本手册是对于想要探索Linux底层结构，提升编程和系统管理技能的读者来说，是一份极其宝贵的资源。无论你是想深入了解Linux构建过程，还是希望提升自己的技术栈，这本书都提供了丰富的实践机会和理论指导。

Linux From Scratch - Version 10.0

• Psmisc

This package contains programs for displaying information about running processes. These programs are useful for

system administration.

• Python 3

This package provides an interpreted language that has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability.

• Readline

This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.

• Sed

This package allows editing of text without opening it in a text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages'

configure scripts.

• Shadow

This package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.

• Sysklogd

This package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel or daemon

processes when unusual events occur.

• Sysvinit

This package provides the init program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system.

• Tar

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages.

• Texinfo

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

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Linux From Scratch - Version 10.0

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

• Zstd

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. It provide high

compression ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs.

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

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Linux From Scratch - Version 10.0

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the page being specified. Note that most man pages do

not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS Cross Toolchain and Temporary Tools

Part III provides instructions for building the tools needed for constructing the final LFS system.

Part IV - Building the LFS System

Part IV guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Part V - Appendices

Part V provides information about the book itself including acronyms and terms, acknowledgments, package

dependencies, a listing of LFS boot scripts, licenses for the distribution of the book, and a comprehensive index of

packages, programs, libraries, and scripts.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in

this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit http://

www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/10.0/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and

apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

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Linux From Scratch - Version 10.0

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora,

or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs,

including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a

commercial distribution.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the

new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded

to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate

working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of

before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5, explains the installation of the initial tool chain, (binutils, gcc, and glibc) using cross compilation techniques

to isolate the new tools from the host system.

Chapter 6 shows you how to cross-compile basic utilities using the just built cross-toolchain.

Chapter 7 then enters a "chroot" environment and uses the previously built tools to build the additional tools needed

to build and test the final system.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to

why this is done is provided in Toolchain Technical Notes.

In Chapter 8, The full LFS system is built. Another advantage provided by the chroot environment is that it allows you

to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you

can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 9, and the kernel and boot loader are set

up in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps

in this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package

descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on

the LFS adventure.

1.2. What's new since the last release

In this version of LFS, there has been a major reorganization of the book using techniques that avoid changing the host

system and provides a more straight forward build process.

Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.

Upgraded to:

•

• Automake-1.16.2

• Bc 3.1.5

• Binutils-2.35

• Bison-3.7.1

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