Unix系统管理基础教程

需积分: 9 14 浏览量更新于2024-07-23 收藏 9.99MB PDF 举报

"Essential System Administration" 是一本针对Unix系统的基础系统管理指南，旨在为系统管理员（SA）提供入门级别的指导。作者是Æleen Frisch，该书由O'Reilly Media, Inc.出版，并已更新至第三版。在本书中，读者可以期待学习到一系列关键的系统管理技能，这些技能对于理解和维护Unix环境至关重要。作为入门指南，它涵盖了Unix系统的基本概念，包括操作系统架构、安装与配置、用户和组管理、文件系统和磁盘管理、网络和远程访问、进程管理和调度、以及系统监控和故障排除等核心主题。具体来说，以下是一些可能包含的知识点： 1. **Unix基础知识**：理解Unix的历史、哲学及其与其他操作系统的差异，学习Unix命令行界面和shell脚本编写。 2. **系统安装与配置**：了解如何安装Unix系统，包括硬件配置、分区策略和系统初始化过程。 3. **用户和组管理**：掌握创建、管理用户账户和用户组的方法，理解权限和访问控制列表（ACLs）的工作原理。 4. **文件系统和磁盘管理**：学习不同类型的Unix文件系统，如EXT2, EXT3, EXT4, XFS等，以及如何进行磁盘分区、格式化、挂载和管理。 5. **网络配置**：了解网络协议、IP地址分配、DNS解析和网络服务（如DHCP, NTP, SSH, FTP等）的设置。 6. **进程管理**：学习如何启动、停止、监控和调度进程，以及如何使用工具如ps, top, kill等来管理进程。 7. **系统日志和监控**：理解系统日志的重要性，学习使用syslog和其他监控工具跟踪系统活动和性能。 8. **备份与恢复**：规划和执行系统备份策略，学习如何在数据丢失或系统故障时恢复。 9. **安全与防火墙**：理解Unix安全基础，包括防火墙规则、访问控制、加密和认证机制。 10. **故障排查**：学习如何诊断和解决系统问题，使用调试工具和日志分析。此外，书中还可能包含关于软件包管理、版本控制、性能优化和自动化脚本编写等内容。这本全面的指南是任何希望成为有效Unix系统管理员的人的宝贵资源，无论他们是新手还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中受益。通过深入阅读和实践，读者将能够熟练地管理和维护Unix系统，确保其稳定、高效运行。

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xiv

Preface

The split we see today between System V and BSD occurred after Version 6.

devel-

opers at the University of California, Berkeley, extended Unix in many ways, adding

virtual memory support, the C shell, job control, and TCP/IP networking, to name

just a few. Some of these contributions were merged into the AT&T code lines at

various points.

System V Release 4 was often described as a merger of the System V and BSD lines,

but this is not quite accurate. It incorporated the most important features of BSD

(and SunOS) into System V. The union was a marriage and not a merger, however,

with some but not all characteristics from each parent dominant in the offspring (as

well as a few whose origins no one is quite sure of).

The diagram also includes OSF/1.

In 1988, Sun and AT&T agreed to jointly develop future versions of System V. In

response, IBM, DEC, Hewlett-Packard, and other computer and computer-related

companies and organizations formed the Open Software Foundation (OSF), design-

ing it with the explicit goal of producing an alternative, compatible, non-AT&T-

dependent, Unix-like operating system. OSF/1 is the result of this effort (although its

importance is more as a standards definition than as an actual operating system

implementation).

The proliferation of new computer companies throughout the 1980s brought dozens

of new Unix systems to market—Unix was usually chosen as much for its low cost

and lack of serious alternatives as for its technical characteristics—and also as many

variants. These vendors tended to start with some version of System V or BSD and

then make small to extensive modifications and customizations. Extant operating

systems mostly spring from System V Release 3 (usually Release 3.2), System V

Release 4, and occasionally 4.2 or 4.3 BSD (SunOS is the major exception, derived

from an earlier BSD version). As a further complication, many vendors freely inter-

mixed System V and BSD features within a single operating system.

Recent years have seen a number of efforts at standardizing Unix. Competition has

shifted from acrimonious lawsuits and countersuits to surface-level cooperation in

unifying the various versions. However, existing standards simply don’t address sys-

tem administration at anything beyond the most superficial level. Since vendors are

free to do as they please in the absence of a standard, there is no guarantee that

* The movement from Version 7 to System III in the System V line is a simplification of strict chronology and

descent. System III was derived from an intermediate release between Version 6 and Version 7 (CB Unix),

and not every Version 7 feature was included in System III. A word about nomenclature: The successive

releases of Unix from the research group at Bell Labs were originally known as “editions”—the Sixth Edition,

for example—although these versions are now generally referred to as “Versions.” After Version 6, there are

two distinct sets of releases from Bell Labs: Versions 7 and following (constituting the original research line),

and System III through System V (commercial implementations started from this line). Later versions of Sys-

tem V are called “Releases,” as in System V Release 3 and System V Release 4.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xvi

Preface

The Unix versions covered by this book appear in Figure P-2, which illustrates the

influences on the various operating systems, rather than their actual origins. If the ver-

sion on your system isn’t one of them, don’t despair. Read on anyway, and you’ll find

that the general information given here applies to your system as well in most cases.

The specific operating system levels covered in this book are:

• AIX Version 5.1

• FreeBSD Version 4.6 (with a few glances at the upcoming Version 5)

• HP-UX Version 11 (including many Version 11i features)

• Linux: Red Hat Version 7.3 and SuSE Version 8

• Solaris Versions 8 and 9

• Tru64 Version 5.1

This list represents some changes from the second edition of this book. We’ve

dropped SCO Unix and IRIX and added FreeBSD. I decided to retain Tru64 despite

the recent merger of Compaq and Hewlett-Packard, because it’s likely that some

Tru64 features will eventually make their way into future HP-UX versions.

When there are significant differences between versions, I’ve made extensive use of

headers and other devices to indicate which version is being considered. You’ll find it

easy to keep track of where we are at any given point and even easier to find out the

specific information you need for whatever version you’re interested in. In addition,

the book will continue to be useful to you when you get your next, different Unix

system—and sooner or later, you will.

The book also covers a fair amount of free software that is not an official part of any

version of Unix. In general, the packages discussed can be built for any of the dis-

cussed operating systems.

Audience

This book will be of interest to:

• Full or part-time administrators of Unix computer systems. The book includes

help both for Unix users who are new to system administration and for experi-

enced system administrators who are new to Unix.

• Workstation and microcomputer users. For small, standalone systems, there is

often no distinction between the user and the system administrator. And even if

your workstation is part of a larger network with a designated administrator, in

practice, many system management tasks for your workstation will be left to

you.

• Users of Unix systems who are not full-time system managers but who perform

administrative tasks periodically.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xvii

This book assumes that you are familiar with Unix user commands: that you know

how to change the current directory, get directory listings, search files for strings,

edit files, use I/O redirection and pipes, set environment variables, and so on. It also

assumes a very basic knowledge of shell scripts: you should know what a shell script

is, how to execute one, and be able to recognize commonly used features like if state-

ments and comment characters. If you need help at this level, consult Learning the

UNIX Operating System, by Grace Todino-Gonguet, John Strang, and Jerry Peek,

and the relevant editions of UNIX in a Nutshell (both published by O’Reilly & Asso-

ciates).

If you have previous Unix experience but no administrative experience, several sec-

tions in Chapter 1 will show you how to make the transition from user to system

manager. If you have some system administration experience but are new to Unix,

Chapter 2 will explain the Unix approach to major system management tasks; it will

also be helpful to current Unix users who are unfamiliar with Unix file, process, or

device concepts.

This book is not designed for people who are already Unix wizards. Accordingly, it

stays away from topics like writing device drivers.

Why Vendors Like Standards

Standards are supposed to help computer users by minimizing the differences between

products from different vendors and ensuring that such products will successfully

work together. However, standards have become a weapon in the competitive arsenal

of computer-related companies, and vendor product literature and presentations are

often a cacophony of acronyms. Warfare imagery dominates discussions comparing

standards compliance rates for different products.

For vendors of computer-related products, upholding standards is in large part moti-

vated by the desire to create a competitive advantage. There is nothing wrong with

that, but it’s important not to mistake it for the altruism that it is often purported to

be. “Proprietary” is a dirty word these days, and “open systems” are all the rage, but

that doesn’t mean that what’s going on is anything other than business as usual.

Proprietary features are now called “extensions” and “enhancements,” and defining

new standards has become a site of competition. New standards are frequently created

by starting from one of the existing alternatives, vendors are always ready to argue for

the one they developed, and successful attempts are then touted as further evidence of

their product’s superiority (and occasionally they really are).

Given all of this, though, we have to at least suspect that it is not really in most vendors’

interest for the standards definition process to ever stop.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xviii

Preface

Organization

This book is the foundation volume for O’Reilly & Associates’ system administra-

tion series. As such, it provides you with the fundamental information needed by

everyone who takes care of Unix systems. At the same time, it consciously avoids try-

ing to be all things to all people; the other books in the series treat individual topics

in complete detail. Thus, you can expect this book to provide you with the essentials

for all major administrative tasks by discussing both the underlying high-level con-

cepts and the details of the procedures needed to carry them out. It will also tell you

where to get additional information as your needs become more highly specialized.

These are the major changes in content with respect to the second edition (in addi-

tion to updating all material to the most recent versions of the various operating sys-

tems):

• Greatly expanded networking coverage, especially of network server administra-

tion, including DHCP, DNS (BIND 8 and 9), NTP, network monitoring with

SNMP, and network performance tuning.

• Comprehensive coverage of email administration, including discussions of send-

mail, Postfix, procmail, and setting up POP3 and IMAP.

• Additional security topics and techniques, including the secure shell (

ssh

), one-

time passwords, role-based access control (RBAC),

chroot

jails and sandboxing,

and techniques for hardening Unix systems.

• Discussions of important new facilities that have emerged in the time since the

second edition. The most important of these are LDAP, PAM, and advanced file-

system features such as logical volume managers and fault tolerance features.

• Overviews and examples of some new scripting and automation tools, specifi-

cally Cfengine and Stem.

• Information about device types that have become available or common on Unix

systems relatively recently, including USB devices and DVD drives.

• Important open source packages are covered, including the following additions:

Samba (for file and printer sharing with Windows systems), the Amanda enter-

prise backup system, modern printing subsystems (LPRng and CUPS), font man-

agement, file and electronic mail encryption and digital signing (PGP and

GnuPG), the HylaFAX fax service, network monitoring tools (including RRD-

Tool, Cricket and NetSaint), and the GRUB boot loader.

Chapter Descriptions

The first three chapters of the book provide some essential background material

required by different types of readers. The remaining chapters generally focus on a

single administrative area of concern and discuss various aspects of everyday system

operation and configuration issues.

剩余1177页未读，继续阅读

su8610

粉丝: 0
资源: 2

Unix系统管理基础教程

Essential System Administration 3rd Edition

Essential System Administration第三版

Essential System Administration, 3rd Edition

essential-system-administration-third-edition

Python for Unix and Linux System Administration -- 2008.pdf

UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook 5th Ed

UNIX And Linux System Administration Handbook, 5th Edition

Linux Administration A Beginner's Guide 5ed.pdf

Exchange Server 2010 Administration

unix system adm

最新资源