Rust编程语言指南2018版

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"《The Rust Programming Language》是Steve Klabnik和Carol Nichols合著的一本关于Rust编程语言的权威指南，由Rust社区的贡献者共同参与编写。该版本适用于Rust 1.37.0或更高版本，并推荐在所有项目中的Cargo.toml文件中设置edition="2018"，以利用Rust 2018版的特性。书中提供了安装或更新Rust的指导，并在新的附录E中详细介绍了版本信息。" 在这本书中，2018版的Rust语言引入了许多改进，使得Rust语言更易于使用和学习。以下是一些关键变化： 1. 模块系统和包管理：第7章“使用包、库和模块管理大型项目”进行了大量重写。在2018版中，模块系统和路径工作方式变得更加一致，这有助于提高代码的组织性和可维护性。 2. 特质（Traits）的使用：第10章新增了“将Trait作为参数”和“返回实现Trait的类型”的部分，详细解释了新引入的`impl Trait`语法。这使得函数签名可以更加灵活，同时也便于类型推断。 3. 测试与错误处理：第11章添加了一个名为“在测试中使用Result<T,E>”的新节，指导如何在测试中利用问号操作符(`?`)来简化错误处理。这使得编写测试代码变得更加简洁且易于理解。 4. 高级生命周期和借用：虽然未在摘要中详述，但根据书的内容，可以推测第11章之后的部分可能涉及Rust的高级特性，如生命周期、借用规则等，这些对于理解和编写安全的并发代码至关重要。此外，这本书还会涵盖Rust的关键概念，如所有权系统、类型系统、并发、错误处理、宏、测试以及标准库的使用等。它不仅适合初学者，也适合有一定经验的开发者，帮助他们深入理解Rust的底层机制，并能有效地利用这些机制编写高效、安全的代码。通过这本书，读者可以掌握Rust的所有基础知识，从而能够创建高性能、内存安全的应用程序。

2020/4/18 The Rust Programming Language

https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/print.html 16/527

your work while writing the code, using cargo check will speed up the process! As such,

many Rustaceans run cargo check periodically as they write their program to make sure it

compiles. Then they run cargo build when they’re ready to use the executable.

Let’s recap what we’ve learned so far about Cargo:

We can build a project using cargo build or cargo check .

We can build and run a project in one step using cargo run .

Instead of saving the result of the build in the same directory as our code, Cargo stores

it in the target/debug directory.

An additional advantage of using Cargo is that the commands are the same no matter which

operating system you’re working on. So, at this point, we’ll no longer provide specic

instructions for Linux and macOS versus Windows.

Building for Release

When your project is nally ready for release, you can use cargo build --release to

compile it with optimizations. This command will create an executable in target/release

instead of target/debug. The optimizations make your Rust code run faster, but turning them

on lengthens the time it takes for your program to compile. This is why there are two

dierent proles: one for development, when you want to rebuild quickly and often, and

another for building the nal program you’ll give to a user that won’t be rebuilt repeatedly

and that will run as fast as possible. If you’re benchmarking your code’s running time, be

sure to run cargo build --release and benchmark with the executable in target/release.

Cargo as Convention

With simple projects, Cargo doesn’t provide a lot of value over just using rustc , but it will

prove its worth as your programs become more intricate. With complex projects composed

of multiple crates, it’s much easier to let Cargo coordinate the build.

Even though the hello_cargo project is simple, it now uses much of the real tooling you’ll

use in the rest of your Rust career. In fact, to work on any existing projects, you can use the

following commands to check out the code using Git, change to that project’s directory, and

build:

For more information about Cargo, check out its documentation.

Summary

$ git clone someurl.com/someproject

$ cd someproject

$ cargo build

2020/4/18 The Rust Programming Language

https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/print.html 20/527

Now the program is getting interesting! There’s a lot going on in this little line. Notice that

this is a let statement, which is used to create a variable. Here’s another example:

This line creates a new variable named foo and binds it to the value of the bar variable. In

Rust, variables are immutable by default. We’ll be discussing this concept in detail in the

“Variables and Mutability” section in Chapter 3. The following example shows how to use

mut before the variable name to make a variable mutable:

Note: The // syntax starts a comment that continues until the end of the line. Rust

ignores everything in comments, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3.

Let’s return to the guessing game program. You now know that let mut guess will

introduce a mutable variable named guess . On the other side of the equal sign ( = ) is the

value that guess is bound to, which is the result of calling String::new , a function that

returns a new instance of a String . String is a string type provided by the standard

library that is a growable, UTF-8 encoded bit of text.

The :: syntax in the ::new line indicates that new is an associated function of the String

type. An associated function is implemented on a type, in this case String , rather than on a

particular instance of a String . Some languages call this a static method.

This new function creates a new, empty string. You’ll nd a new function on many types,

because it’s a common name for a function that makes a new value of some kind.

To summarize, the let mut guess = String::new(); line has created a mutable variable

that is currently bound to a new, empty instance of a String . Whew!

Recall that we included the input/output functionality from the standard library with use

std::io; on the rst line of the program. Now we’ll call the stdin function from the io

module:

If we hadn’t put the use std::io line at the beginning of the program, we could have

written this function call as std::io::stdin . The stdin function returns an instance of

std::io::Stdin , which is a type that represents a handle to the standard input for your

terminal.

The next part of the code, .read_line(&mut guess) , calls the read_line method on the

standard input handle to get input from the user. We’re also passing one argument to

read_line : &mut guess .

let foo = bar;

let foo = 5; // immutable

let mut bar = 5; // mutable

io::stdin().read_line(&mut guess)

.expect("Failed to read line");

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