《Twisted网络编程实战》第二版：Python框架深度解析

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《Twisted网络编程基础，第二版》是一本由Jessica McKellar和Abe Fettig合著的专业书籍，专为Python开发者讲解Twisted网络编程框架。该书是2013年出版的，版权归属于Jessica McKellar，并且保留所有权利。本书在O'Reilly Media Inc.出版，位于美国加利福尼亚州塞巴斯托波尔。《Twisted Network Programming Essentials, 2nd Edition》作为第二版，于2013年3月11日首次发布。Twisted是一个广泛使用的异步网络编程库，特别适合于构建高性能、事件驱动的服务器应用程序，如聊天应用、游戏服务器和分布式系统。它利用了Python的强大的回调函数和生成器特性，提供了一种灵活的方式来处理网络连接，包括TCP/IP、UDP、SSL/TLS等协议。书中内容涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Twisted基础知识**：首先介绍Twisted的核心概念，如 reactors（反应器）和deferreds（延后调用），让读者理解其事件驱动的架构。 2. **网络编程基础**：涵盖TCP/IP协议栈，包括客户端和服务器的建立连接、数据传输和断开连接的基本操作。 3. **高级网络编程**：涉及异步I/O处理、线程池和线程安全的实践，以及如何处理异常和错误。 4. **SSL/TLS支持**：解释如何在Twisted中实现安全的通信，包括证书管理、加密和验证。 5. **WebSocket和Web服务**：讲解如何使用Twisted构建WebSocket服务器和RESTful Web服务。 6. **分布式系统与代理**：介绍如何利用Twisted构建分布式系统，以及如何创建网络代理和负载均衡器。 7. **案例研究和实战项目**：书中包含多个实际项目示例，帮助读者将理论知识应用到实际场景中。 8. **调试和性能优化**：讨论如何有效地调试Twisted应用，以及如何进行性能调优，提高程序的响应速度和资源利用率。 9. **最新版本更新和API变动**：第二版会包括对最新Twisted版本的新特性介绍，以及与第一版可能存在的差异。对于想要深入学习和使用Python进行网络编程的开发人员来说，这本书不仅是一本技术指南，也是一本实用的参考手册，有助于他们理解和掌握Twisted这一强大的网络编程工具。此外，作者还提供了在线资源链接，如O'Reilly Safari Online Library，以便读者获取更多配套资源和实时更新的技术支持。

Why Use Twisted?

Why should you use Twisted instead of some other networking library or framework?

Here are a few compelling reasons. Twisted is:

Python-powered

Twisted is written in Python, a powerful, object-oriented, interpreted language.

Python is a language that inspires great enthusiasm among its fans, and for good

reason. It’s a joy to program in Python, which is easy to write, easy to read, and easy

to run. And because Python is cross-platform, you can run the same Twisted ap‐

plication on Linux, Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X.

Asynchronous and event-based

Synchronous network libraries leave developers with a painful choice: either allow

the application to become unresponsive during network operations, or introduce

the additional complexity of threading. Twisted’s event-based, asynchronous

framework makes it possible to write applications that stay responsive while pro‐

cessing events from multiple network connections, without using threads.

Full-featured

Twisted includes an amazing amount of functionality. Mail, web, news, chat, DNS,

SSH, Telnet, RPC, database access, and more—it’s all there, ready for you to use.

Flexible and extensible

Twisted provides high-level classes to let you get started quickly. But you’ll never

find yourself limited by the way things work out of the box. If you need advanced

functionality, or if you need to customize the way a protocol works, you can. You

can also write your own protocol implementation, to control every byte sent over

the wire.

Open source

Twisted is free, both as in beer and as in freedom. It includes full source code and

is released under a liberal license. Want to distribute all or part of Twisted with your

application? You’re welcome to do so, with no obligations to release your own code

or pay any licensing fees. Want to get a better understanding of how an object in

Twisted works? Take a look at the source. And when you get to the point where

you’re developing your own improvements and extensions to Twisted, you can

contribute them to the community for the benefit of others.

Community-backed

Twisted has an active community of developers and users. If you run into a problem,

you’ll find many fellow developers ready to help on one of the Twisted mailing lists

(see “Finding Answers to Your Questions” on page 8, in Chapter 1). Or you can

drop into the #twisted IRC channel, where the chances are good you’ll be able to

start a live conversation with the very person who wrote the code you’re having

trouble with.

xiv | Preface

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An integration-friendly platform

A Twisted application can share data between several different services within the

same process. This makes integration tasks a snap. You can write an SMTP-to-

XMLRPC proxy, an SSH server that lets you update a website, or a web discussion

board that includes an NNTP interface. If you need to transfer data between systems

that don’t speak the same protocol, Twisted will make your job a whole lot easier.

What This Book Covers

This book does not attempt to exhaustively document every module and class available

for the Twisted framework. Instead, it focuses on presenting practical examples of the

most common tasks that developers building network applications face. This book will

also help you to understand the key concepts and design patterns used in Twisted

applications.

This book has three parts:

Learning Twisted basics through building basic clients and servers

This part covers installing Twisted, an architectural overview of the framework,

and building basic TCP clients and servers. We then apply the primitives and idioms

from the chapters on basic applications to a variety of client and server examples

for a particular protocol, HTTP.

Building production-grade servers

At this point, well-practiced with basic clients and servers, we focus on deploying

these applications in a robust and standardized fashion using the Twisted applica‐

tion infrastructure. This part also adds to our repertoire common components of

production-grade servers: logging, database access, authentication, using threads

and processes in a Twisted-safe way, and testing.

More practice through examples from other protocols

For more practice, to give a sense of Twisted’s breadth, and to cover many popular

uses of Twisted, the final part of the book explores clients and servers for IRC,

various mail protocols, and SSH.

Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses standard typographical conventions to highlight different types of text.

You’ll see the following font styles used:

Italic

Used for emphasis, to highlight technical terms the first time they appear, and for

commands, packages, filenames, directories, and URLs

Preface | xv

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The focus of this book has also been sharpened to give you fluency in Twisted’s primitives

and idioms with minimal distraction from the nitty-gritty details of specific protocols.

Almost all of the examples have been streamlined, and where reasonable, reworked so

that you have client and server pairs that can be run together to maximize experimen‐

tation value. Also, as part of building a solid conceptual foundation, the section on

Deferreds, a frequent source of confusion and frustration for developers new to event-

driven programming, has been expanded into its own chapter with many more

examples.

Since the structure and many of the examples have changed, it is hard to give a short

and complete enumeration of the differences between this edition and the last. I hope

this has given you some idea, though, and I welcome your thoughts and feedback.

Portions of Chapters 2, 3, and 6 were adapted from the author’s chapter on Twisted for

The Architecture of Open Source Applications, Volume II under a Creative Commons

Attribution 3.0 Unported license. You can find out more about this book at The Archi‐

tecture of Open Source Applications home page and about this license at the Creative

Commons website.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if this book includes code

examples, you may use the code in your programs and documentation. You do not need

to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code.

For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does

not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly

books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting

example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of ex‐

ample code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Twisted Network Programming Essentials,

McKellar, 978-1-4493-2611-1.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

Safari® Books Online

Safari Books Online (

www.safaribooksonline.com) is an on-demand

digital library that delivers expert content in both book and video

form from the world’s leading authors in technology and business.

Preface | xvii

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Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and crea‐

tive professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, prob‐

lem solving, learning, and certification training.

Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi‐

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How to Contact Us

Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

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We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional

information. You can access this page at http://oreil.ly/twisted-network-2e.

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Acknowledgments

Twisted was my first-ever experience with open source contribution. I am so grateful

that as a naive and clueless intern way back when, Glyph, JP, Itamar, and others patiently

guided me through the contribution process and invested their time in making me a

core developer for the project. What I’ve learned from this wonderful community

xviii | Preface

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