TCP/IP协议详解与应用

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"实用TCP/IP" TCP/IP（传输控制协议/因特网协议）是互联网上最基础的通信协议集，它定义了数据在网络中如何传输和寻址的标准。这个资源可能是面向初学者或希望深化对网络理解的读者，因为它强调了通俗易懂的特性，而且对英语水平的要求不高。 TCP和UDP端口号是TCP/IP协议族中的重要概念。端口号是用来区分运行在同一个主机上的不同服务的标识，它们介于0到65535之间。IANA（互联网 Assigned Numbers Authority）负责分配和维护这些端口的使用。以下是一些常见的端口及其对应的服务： 1. Echo（7）：回显服务，用于测试网络连接。 2. Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)（119）：用于新闻组的协议，用来分发和检索新闻文章。 3. Discard（9）：丢弃服务，接收但不回应数据。 4. Network Time Protocol (NTP)（123）：用于同步网络设备的时间。 5. Daytime（13）：提供当前日期和时间。 6. NetBIOS Name Service（137）：NetBIOS（网络基本输入输出系统）用于Windows网络中的名称解析。 7. NetBIOS Datagram Service（138）：NetBIOS的数据报服务，用于广播和多播通信。 8. NetBIOS Session Service（139）：NetBIOS的会话服务，用于建立和管理网络连接。 9. FTP - Data（20）：FTP（文件传输协议）的数据连接端口。 10. FTP - Control（21）：FTP的控制连接端口，用于发送命令和接收响应。 11. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)（143）：允许用户从远程服务器检索电子邮件。 12. Secure Shell (SSH) Remote Login Protocol（22）：提供安全的远程登录和命令执行。 13. NetBIOS Datagram Service（146）：与NetBIOS Name Service类似，但用于数据报通信。 14. Character Generator（19）：生成字符流服务，用于测试网络性能。 15. Telnet（23）：远程终端协议，允许用户通过网络控制另一台计算机。 16. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)（25）：用于发送电子邮件。 17. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)（161）：用于监控和管理网络设备。 18. SNMP Trap（162）：SNMP服务的陷阱端口，用于发送警报事件。 19. Domain Name Server (DNS)（53）：将域名转换为IP地址的服务。 20. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)（257）：一种安全的在线支付协议。 21. Bootstrap Protocol and DHCP - Server（67）：用于动态配置网络设备的IP地址和其他网络参数。 22. HTTP over TLS/SSL (HTTPS)（443）：安全的网页浏览协议。 23. Bootstrap Protocol and DHCP - Client（68）：DHCP客户端用于请求网络配置信息。 24. Microsoft-DS（445）：微软的目录服务，用于Windows网络中的文件共享和打印服务。 25. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)（69）：简单文件传输协议，常用于系统更新和配置文件的传输。 26. ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol)（500）：用于建立IPSec安全关联。 27. Gopher（70）：早期的互联网信息检索协议。 28. remoteprocessexecution (rexec) - TCP only（512）：远程进程执行服务，允许执行远程主机上的命令。 29. Finger（79）：获取远程用户信息的服务。 30. remotelogin (rlogin) - TCP only（513）：远程登录服务，允许用户登录到远程主机。 31. who’s logged on - UDP only（513）：显示谁已登录到远程主机的服务。 32. Kerberos（88）：认证服务，提供网络身份验证。 33. remoteshell (rsh) - TCP only（514）：远程shell服务，允许执行远程主机上的命令。 34. Post Office Protocol - Version 2 (POP2)（110）：早期的电子邮件接收协议。 35. Syslog - UDP only（514）：日志记录协议，用于收集和转发系统日志信息。 36. World Wide Web (HTTP)（80）：网页浏览的主要协议。 37. who’s logged on - UDP only（514）：与TCP版本相同，但使用UDP协议。 38. Post Office Protocol - Version 3 (POP3)（110）：目前广泛使用的电子邮件接收协议。了解这些端口及其对应的协议和服务对于理解和管理网络通信至关重要，无论是对于网络管理员、开发者还是普通用户，都能帮助他们更好地识别和解决网络问题。

19.8 Methods 4, 6: HOSTS files and NetBIOS cache 508

19.9 Method 5: LMHOSTS – the LAN Manager hosts file 510

19.10 “Node type” and NetBIOS name resolution order 512

19.11 Choosing a node type 514

19.12 Troubleshooting NetBIOS name resolution 516

Summary 518

20 Windows Networking – logon and domains 523

20.1 Overview of NT domains and security 524

20.2 The logon prompt and local and network logons 526

20.3 Local logon. Encrypting the password 528

20.4 Logon over the network – overview 530

20.5 Logon over the network (1a) – “discover” a domain controller 532

20.6 Logon over the network (1b) – the computer account 534

20.7 Logon over the network (1b contd) – PC authenticates and creates a

secure channel 536

20.8 Logon over the network (2) – sending the password securely 538

20.9 Different logon types: terminology (1) 540

20.10 Different logon types: terminology (2) 542

20.11 Logon and controlling access to network resources 544

20.12 Domain controllers 546

Summary 548

21 Windows Networking – browsing the network 555

21.1 Overview 556

21.2 The client announces itself to the server(s) 558

21.3 How the client locates a browse server 560

21.4 Retrieving the browse list 562

21.5 Client browsing more than one domain 564

21.6 Different types of browse server 566

21.7 Deciding which PC takes on which role; elections 568

21.8 Lab – line-by-line trace of an election 570

21.9 Multiple-segment browsing and the domain master browser 572

21.10 Miscellaneous 574

21.11 What Find Computer does 576

21.12 Troubleshooting 578

Summary 580

22 Using Windows Networking 583

22.1 Using Windows Explorer 584

22.2 Lab – using Windows Networking over a routed network 586

22.3 Troubleshooting 588

22.4 Samba 590

Summary 592

xiiMMMContents

This book is based on practical experience with TCP/IP networks and has evolved from our

in-house and public training course materials. For several years our company has concen-

trated on installing firewalls and e-mail systems, and in that time we’ve found that there’s a

small kernel of knowledge that you need to get your network up and running quickly, and to

make it run efficiently. We’ve noticed that many IT professionals in charge of their organiza-

tion’s computing understand their applications and high-level systems fully (in the old days

they were called “data-processing specialists”) but have a lot of trouble with the basic under-

lying networks. Another reason for writing this book is for training our own consultancy and

services staff. For a relatively inexperienced engineer, going on-site to install a customer’s net-

work or firewall can be daunting: you’re working under time pressure, on an unfamiliar

network, and so many things can go wrong. You can never foresee all possible problems, so

the best way to prepare people is to give them a problem-solving “methodology” – an under-

standing of how to analyze problems, and break them down into manageable bits – and a

good set of tools that let you see exactly what’s happening. We’ve found this is a great way to

build up people’s skills and confidence. (Our customers have been pleased with it too.)

The book distills out the essentials you need in practice. There are hundreds of large books

and manufacturers’ manuals about TCP/IP, but it’s hard to find what you really need. There is

so much information that newcomers are swamped with detail they don’t need, and explana-

tions they can’t understand because they don’t have the context to relate them to.

By contrast, this book:

●

tells you how to build your network

●

starts with a simple two-machine network and goes on to a full network connected to

the Internet with a firewall and internal routers, and DNS and e-mail servers

●

explains the software tools you need to diagnose problems and to understand how your

network is operating

●

explains why you would want to do things, as well as how to do them

●

includes practical troubleshooting and diagnostic techniques that you can apply just

about everywhere, so you can solve problems in your own network and in systems

configured by others

●

assumes things will go wrong rather than work first time. We explain error messages

and other symptoms, and then how to get over problems. We’ve found this is great for

the confidence of our own engineers out on-site because they know they’ll be able to fix

any errors they make, and we hope it will help you too. (Just a typo in an IP address

can cause a system to fail, and as we network people live in a veritable sea of IP and

Ethernet numbers, it’s easy to make mistakes, especially when you’re working on

someone else’s network. So we have to show you how to identify and fix these errors.)

Preface

●

ties together the various networking components so you view a network as a whole, not

just disjointed pieces. As we cover Linux

and Windows

operating systems, and how

they relate, the book is relevant to just about everybody

●

can be used as the basis for a course of self-study or a taught training course.

You end up with a working network, you understand what is happening at a detailed level, and

you gain the ability to diagnose and fix problems, and to identify bugs in the software you’re using.

We cover networking from the bottom up, in small chunks. We have found that when

you’re learning, if you break things down into small pieces and examine one in isolation with-

out the complication of other factors, it’s much easier to understand. Then you can go and tie

all the pieces together when you understand them. Consequently, some of our topic sections

are brief (but non-trivial).

Intended audience

●

technical staff, technical managers, or technical sales

●

consultancy and services staff installing or managing customer networks

●

people using TCP/IP networks every day …

●

who are managing and building networks, or ...

●

who are responsible for an organization’s applications and systems as a whole

●

people building TCP/IP networks at home

●

anyone connecting to the Internet

●

students at any level studying computer networks

Background

This book was inspired by Richard Stevens’ TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1. Stevens gives a

wonderful explanation of how the TCP/IP protocols operate, and to some extent how they

evolved. To get a theoretical understanding of TCP/IP, we’ve found no better book. But

Stevens is primarily explanatory, not practical. His approach is to explain TCP/IP by showing

you the packets on the wire. We also look at the packets, but:

●

we use it as a diagnostic technique

●

we expect you to do it as well, not just look at our pictures.

Our book differs in other ways too. As well as explaining how the protocols work in practice,

we cover:

●

how to set up test networks so you can experiment with the protocols

●

techniques for exploring what’s happening

●

debugging tools and techniques

●

a different balance between the various topics. For example, Stevens devotes about a page

to how routing works; we do three chapters. He devotes long chapters to TCP internals

such as sliding windows, slow start, etc. which we don’t even mention. Our guiding

xviMMMPreface

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